Controlling the excess and shortage of energy is a fundamental task for living organisms. Diabetes is a representative metabolic disease caused by the malfunction of energy homeostasis. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas release long-range messengers, hormones, into the blood to regulate the homeostasis of the primary energy fuel, glucose. The hormone and glucose levels in the blood show rhythmic oscillations with a characteristic period of 5-10 min, and the functional roles of the oscillations are not clear. Each islet has [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] cells that secrete glucagon and insulin, respectively. These two counter-regulatory hormones appear sufficient to increase and decrease glucose levels. However, pancreatic islets have a third cell type, [Formula: see text] cells, which secrete somatostatin. The three cell populations have a unique spatial organization in islets, and they interact to perturb their hormone secretions. The mini-organs of islets are scattered throughout the exocrine pancreas. Considering that the human pancreas contains approximately a million islets, the coordination of hormone secretion from the multiple sources of islets and cells within the islets should have a significant effect on human physiology. In this review, we introduce the hierarchical organization of tripartite cell networks, and recent biophysical modeling to systematically understand the oscillations and interactions of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] cells. Furthermore, we discuss the functional roles and clinical implications of hormonal oscillations and their phase coordination for the diagnosis of type II diabetes.

中文翻译：

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葡萄糖稳态的三方细胞网络。

控制能量的过量和短缺是生物体的一项基本任务。糖尿病是由能量稳态失调引起的代表性代谢疾病。胰脏中的朗格汉斯氏小岛将长距离信使激素释放到血液中，以调节主要能量燃料葡萄糖的体内稳态。血液中的激素和葡萄糖水平显示出有规律的振荡，其特征周期为5-10分钟，并且该振荡的功能作用尚不清楚。每个胰岛都有分别分泌胰高血糖素和胰岛素的[分子式]和[分子式]。这两种反调节激素似乎足以增加和降低葡萄糖水平。然而，胰岛具有分泌生长抑素的第三种细胞类型。这三个细胞群体在胰岛中具有独特的空间组织，它们相互作用以扰乱其激素分泌。胰岛的小器官散布在整个外分泌胰腺中。考虑到人的胰脏含有大约一百万个胰岛，因此胰岛和胰岛内细胞的多种来源的激素分泌的协调对人类生理学具有重要影响。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了三方细胞网络的层次结构，以及最近的生物物理建模，以系统地理解[公式：参见文本]，[公式：参见文本]和[公式：参见文本]细胞的振荡和相互作用。此外，我们讨论了激素振荡的功能作用和临床意义以及它们在II型糖尿病诊断中的相协调性。