Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an allohexaploid, and the transcriptional characteristics of the wheat embryo and endosperm during grain development remain unclear. To analyze the transcriptome, we performed isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) for wheat grain and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) for the embryo and de-embryonated kernels. The differential regulation between the embryo and de-embryonated kernels was found to be greater than the difference between the two time points for each tissue. Exactly 2264 and 4790 tissue-specific genes were found at 14 days post-anthesis (DPA), while 5166 and 3784 genes were found at 25 DPA in the embryo and de-embryonated kernels, respectively. Genes expressed in the embryo were more likely to be related to nucleic acid and enzyme regulation. In de-embryonated kernels, genes were rich in substance metabolism and enzyme activity functions. Moreover, 4351, 4641, 4516, and 4453 genes with the A, B, and D homoeoloci were detected for each of the four tissues. Expression characteristics suggested that the D genome may be the largest contributor to the transcriptome in developing grain. Among these, 48, 66, and 38 silenced genes emerged in the A, B, and D genomes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis showed that silenced genes could be inclined to different functions in different genomes. Our study provided specific gene pools of the embryo and de-embryonated kernels and a homoeolog expression bias model on a large scale. This is helpful for providing new insights into the molecular physiology of wheat.

中文翻译：

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通过RNA-Seq和Iso-Seq洞悉发育中的谷物中胚胎和去胚核的转录特性和同源表达偏向。

面包小麦（小麦大号。）是一种异源六倍体，在谷物发育过程中小麦胚和胚乳的转录特性仍然不清楚。为了分析转录组，我们对小麦籽粒进行了同工型测序（Iso-Seq），对胚胎和去胚核进行了RNA测序（RNA-Seq）。发现胚胎和去胚核之间的差异调节大于每种组织的两个时间点之间的差异。在花后14天（DPA），分别发现了2264和4790个组织特异性基因，而在25 DPA时，分别在胚胎和去胚核中发现了5166和3784个基因。胚胎中表达的基因更可能与核酸和酶的调控有关。在去胚核中，基因富含物质代谢和酶活性功能。此外，对于四个组织中的每一个，都检测到了具有A，B和D同型异型的4351、4641、4516和4453基因。表达特征表明，D基因组可能是发育谷物中转录组的最大贡献者。在这些基因中，分别有48、66和38个沉默基因出现在A，B和D基因组中。基因本体分析表明沉默基因在不同基因组中可能倾向于不同的功能。我们的研究提供了胚胎和去胚核的特定基因库以及大规模的同源表达偏倚模型。这有助于提供对小麦分子生理学的新见解。表达特征表明，D基因组可能是发育谷物中转录组的最大贡献者。在这些基因中，分别有48、66和38个沉默基因出现在A，B和D基因组中。基因本体分析表明沉默基因在不同基因组中可能倾向于不同的功能。我们的研究提供了胚胎和去胚核的特定基因库以及大规模的同源表达偏倚模型。这有助于提供对小麦分子生理学的新见解。表达特征表明，D基因组可能是发育谷物中转录组的最大贡献者。在这些基因中，分别有48、66和38个沉默基因出现在A，B和D基因组中。基因本体分析表明沉默基因在不同基因组中可能倾向于不同的功能。我们的研究提供了特定的胚胎和去胚核的基因库以及大规模的同源表达偏倚模型。这有助于提供对小麦分子生理学的新见解。我们的研究提供了特定的胚胎和去胚核的基因库，以及大规模的同源表达偏倚模型。这有助于提供对小麦分子生理学的新见解。我们的研究提供了胚胎和去胚核的特定基因库以及大规模的同源表达偏倚模型。这有助于提供对小麦分子生理学的新见解。