Hypoxia is a potent microenvironmental factor that promotes tumor metastasis. Recent studies have revealed mechanisms by which hypoxia and activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent signaling promotes metastasis through the regulation of metabolic reprogramming, the stem cell phenotype, invasion, angiogenesis, immune suppression, the premetastatic niche, intravasation and/or extravasation, and resistance to apoptosis. These discoveries suggest novel paradigms in tumor metastasis and identify new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in the prevention and treatment of metastatic disease. Here, we review the impact of hypoxia and hypoxic signaling pathways in tumor and stromal cells on each step of the metastatic cascade.

缺氧是促进肿瘤转移的有效微环境因子。最近的研究揭示了低氧和低氧诱导因子（HIF）依赖性信号传导通过调节代谢重编程，干细胞表型，侵袭，血管生成，免疫抑制，转移前的利基，内血管浸润和/或外渗促进转移的机制。和抗凋亡。这些发现暗示了肿瘤转移的新范例，并为预防和治疗转移性疾病确定了治疗干预的新机会。在这里，我们回顾了肿瘤和基质细胞中缺氧和缺氧信号通路对转移级联反应每一步的影响。