The self-assembly of viral building blocks bears exciting prospects for fabricating new types of bionanoparticles with multivalent protein shells. These enable a spatially controlled immobilization of functionalities at highest surface densities-an increasing demand worldwide for applications from vaccination to tissue engineering, biocatalysis, and sensing. Certain plant viruses hold particular promise because they are sustainably available, biodegradable, nonpathogenic for mammals, and amenable to in vitro self-organization of virus-like particles. This offers great opportunities for their redesign into novel "green" carrier systems by spatial and structural synthetic biology approaches, as worked out here for the robust nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as prime example. Natural TMV of 300 x 18 nm is built from more than 2,100 identical coat proteins (CPs) helically arranged around a 6,395 nucleotides ssRNA. In vitro, TMV-like particles (TLPs) may self-assemble also from modified CPs and RNAs if the latter contain an Origin of Assembly structure, which initiates a bidirectional encapsidation. By way of tailored RNA, the process can be reprogrammed to yield uncommon shapes such as branched nanoobjects. The nonsymmetric mechanism also proceeds on 3'-terminally immobilized RNA and can integrate distinct CP types in blends or serially. Other emerging plant virus-deduced systems include the usually isometric cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with further strikingly altered structures up to "cherrybombs" with protruding nucleic acids. Cartoon strips and pictorial descriptions of major RNA-based strategies induct the reader into a rare field of nanoconstruction that can give rise to utile soft-matter architectures for complex tasks. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures.

中文翻译：

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从星星到条纹：RNA引导的植物病毒蛋白质模板的成型-智能生物杂交纳米结构的结构合成病毒学。

病毒构件的自组装具有制造具有多价蛋白壳的新型生物纳米粒子的令人兴奋的前景。这些使得能够以最高表面密度在空间上控制功能的固定化-从疫苗接种到组织工程，生物催化和传感的世界范围内的需求日益增长。某些植物病毒具有特殊的前景，因为它们是可持续获得的，可生物降解的，对哺乳动物无致病性的，并且适合于病毒样颗粒的体外自组织。这为他们通过空间和结构合成生物学方法将其重新设计为新颖的“绿色”载体系统提供了巨大的机会，如此处针对坚固的纳米管烟草花叶病毒（TMV）所举例说明的那样。300 x 18 nm的自然TMV是由2种以上的材料构成的 100个相同的外壳蛋白（CP）围绕6,395个核苷酸的ssRNA螺旋排列。在体外，TMV样颗粒（TLP）也可以从修饰的CP和RNA进行自组装，如果后者包含启动双向衣壳化的组装起点结构。通过定制的RNA，可以对过程进行重新编程以产生不常见的形状，例如分支的纳米物体。非对称机制也可以在3'末端固定的RNA上进行，并且可以将不同的CP类型混合或连续整合。其他新兴的植物病毒推导系统包括通常等距的cow豆绿叶斑驳病毒（CCMV），其结构进一步发生明显改变，直至具有突出核酸的“樱桃炸弹”。有关基于RNA的主要策略的漫画和插图描述将读者带入了一个罕见的纳米构造领域，可以为复杂任务带来实用的软物质架构。本文归类为：生物学启发的纳米材料>基于蛋白质和病毒的结构生物学的纳米技术方法>生物学启发的纳米材料中的纳米系统>核酸结构。