This work presents a method to unequivocally detect urine sample tampering in cases where integrity of the sample needs to be verified prior to urinalysis. The technique involves the detection of distinct patterns of a triplex short tandem repeats system in DNA extracted from human urine. The analysis is realized with single-dye fluorescence detection and using a regular smartphone camera. The experimental results had demonstrated the efficacy of the analytical approach to obtaining distinct profiles of amplicons in urine from different sample providers. Reproducibility tests with fresh and stored urine have revealed a maximum variation in the profiles within an interval of 5 to 9%. Cases of urine sample tampering via mixture were simulated in the study, and the experiments have identified patterns of mixed genotypes from dual mixtures of urine samples. Moreover, sample adulteration by mixing a non-human fluid with urine in a volume ratio over 25% can be detected. The low cost of the approach is accompanied by the compatibility of the technique to use with different DNA sample preparation protocols and PCR instrumentation. Furthermore, the possibility of realizing the method in an integrated microchip system open great perspectives to conducting sample integrity tests at the site of urine sample reception and/or at resource-limited settings.

中文翻译：

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减少DNA分型和低成本仪器的荧光传感方法，用于检测尿液分析中的样品篡改案例。

这项工作提出了一种在尿液分析之前需要验证样品完整性的情况下，明确检测尿液样品篡改的方法。该技术涉及从人尿液中提取的DNA中三链体短串联重复序列系统独特模式的检测。该分析通过单染料荧光检测和常规智能手机相机实现。实验结果证明了该分析方法从不同的样品提供者那里获得尿液中不同扩增子谱的有效性。用新鲜尿液和储存尿液进行的重现性测试显示，在5％至9％的时间间隔内，轮廓最大变化。在研究中模拟了通过混合液篡改尿液样本的情况，实验已经从尿液样品的双重混合物中鉴定出了混合基因型的模式。此外，通过将非人类流体与尿液以超过25％的体积比混合可以检测出样品掺假。该方法的低成本伴随着该技术与不同DNA样品制备方案和PCR仪器一起使用的兼容性。此外，在集成微芯片系统中实现该方法的可能性为在尿液样本接收处和/或资源有限的场所进行样本完整性测试打开了广阔的前景。该方法的低成本伴随着该技术与不同DNA样品制备方案和PCR仪器一起使用的兼容性。此外，在集成微芯片系统中实现该方法的可能性为在尿液样本接收处和/或资源有限的场所进行样本完整性测试打开了广阔的前景。该方法的低成本伴随着该技术与不同DNA样品制备方案和PCR仪器一起使用的兼容性。此外，在集成微芯片系统中实现该方法的可能性为在尿液样本接收处和/或资源有限的场所进行样本完整性测试打开了广阔的前景。