Biogenic amines (BAs), such as octopamine, tyramine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine regulate various behaviors and physiological functions in insects. Here, we identified seven genes encoding BA biosynthetic enzymes and 16 genes encoding BA G protein‐coupled receptors in the genome of the endoparasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum. We compared the genes with their orthologs in its host Pieris rapae and the related ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. All the genes show high (>90%) identity to orthologs in N. vitripennis. P. puparum and N. vitripennis have the smallest number of BA receptor genes among the insect species we investigated. We then analyzed the expression profiles of the genes, finding those acting in BA biosynthesis were highly expressed in adults and larvae and those encoding BA receptors are highly expressed in adults than immatures. Octα1R and 5‐HT₇ genes were highly expressed in salivary glands, and a high messenger RNA level of 5‐HT_1A was found in venom apparatuses. We infer that BA signaling is a fundamental component of the organismal organization, homeostasis and operation in parasitoids, some of the smallest insects.

中文翻译：

---

内寄生性黄蜂Pteromalus puparum（膜翅目：翼手龙）中的生物胺合成和转导基因。

章鱼胺，酪胺，多巴胺，5-羟色胺和乙酰胆碱等生物胺（BAs）调节昆虫的各种行为和生理功能。在这里，我们鉴定了内寄生性黄蜂（Pteromalus puparum）基因组中的七个编码BA生物合成酶的基因和16个编码BA G蛋白偶联受体的基因。我们比较了其寄主菜青虫和相关外寄生黄蜂Nasonia vitripennis中的基因及其直系同源物。所有的基因都显示出与N. vitripennis中直向同源物高度（> 90％）的同一性。葛根对虾和维氏猪笼草在我们调查的昆虫物种中，BA受体基因的数量最少。然后，我们分析了基因的表达谱，发现那些在BA生物合成中起作用的基因在成年和幼虫中高表达，而那些编码BA受体的基因在未成熟的成年人中高表达。Octα1R和5‐HT ₇基因在唾液腺中高表达，在毒液仪器中发现5‐HT _1A的高信使RNA水平。我们推断，BA信号传导是寄生虫（一些最小的昆虫）的有机组织，体内动态平衡和运作的基本组成部分。