Exosomes belong to extracellular vehicles that were produced and secreted from most eukaryotic cells and are involved in cell‐to‐cell communications. They are an effective delivery system for biological compounds such as mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, lipids, saccharides, and other physiological compounds to target cells. In this way, they could influence on cellular pathways and mediate their physiological behaviors including cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and so on. Many research studies focused on their role in cancers and also on potentially therapeutic and biomarker applications. In the current study, we reviewed the exosomes' effects on cancer progression based on their cargoes including miRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, DNAs, mRNAs, proteins, and lipids. Moreover, their therapeutic roles in cancer were considered. In this regard, we have given a brief overview of challenges and obstacles in using exosomes as therapeutic agents.

中文翻译：

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外泌体和癌症：从致癌作用到治疗应用

外泌体属于细胞外载体，由大多数真核细胞产生和分泌，参与细胞间通讯。它们是将生物化合物（例如 mRNA、microRNA (miRNA)、蛋白质、脂质、糖类和其他生理化合物）输送到靶细胞的有效递送系统。通过这种方式，它们可以影响细胞通路并介导它们的生理行为，包括细胞增殖、肿瘤发生、分化等。许多研究都集中在它们在癌症中的作用以及潜在的治疗和生物标志物应用上。在目前的研究中，我们根据外泌体的货物（包括 miRNA、长链非编码 RNA、环状 RNA、DNA、mRNA、蛋白质和脂质）回顾了外泌体对癌症进展的影响。而且，考虑了它们在癌症中的治疗作用。在这方面，我们简要概述了使用外泌体作为治疗剂的挑战和障碍。