In the early 1900s Ernest Amory Codman, a surgeon from Boston, proposed that physicians should not only measure what they did in the hospital but also track the results of their work over time. He was strongly criticized from his colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital when he proposed that data on physician and hospital performance should be released to the public: "I am called eccentric for saying in public that hospitals, if they wish to be sure of improvement, must find out what their results are. Must analyze their results, to find their strong and weak points. Must compare their results with those of other hospitals and must care for what cases they can care for well, and avoid attempting to care for cases which they are not qualified to care for well, … must welcome publicity not only for their successes, but for their errors. Such opinions will not be eccentric a few years hence" (1).

中文翻译：

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将 Codman 的教训付诸实践：衡量和提高意大利精神卫生保健的质量

1900 年代初期，波士顿外科医生 Ernest Amory Codman 提出，医生不仅应该衡量他们在医院所做的工作，还应该随着时间的推移跟踪他们的工作结果。当他提议将医生和医院绩效的数据公开给公众时，他在马萨诸塞州总医院的同事们强烈批评：“我被称为古怪，因为在公开场合说医院如果要确保改善，必须找出他们的结果。必须分析他们的结果，找出他们的优缺点。必须将他们的结果与其他医院的结果进行比较，必须关心他们能照顾好的病例，避免试图照顾他们的病例没有资格好好照顾，……不仅要为他们的成功，还要为他们的错误欢迎宣传。