Planthoppers are serious rice pests in Asia. Their population resurgence was first reported in the early 1960s, caused mainly by insecticides that indiscriminately killed beneficial arthropods and target pests. The subsequent resurgence involved two mechanisms, the loss of beneficial insects and insecticide-enhanced planthopper reproduction. In this review, we identify two forms of resurgence, acute and chronic. Acute resurgence is caused by traditional insecticides with rapid resurgence in the F1 generation. Chronic resurgence follows application of modern pesticides, including fungicides and herbicides, with low natural enemy toxicity, coupled with stimulated planthopper reproduction. The chemical-driven syndrome of changes leads to later resurgence in the F2 or later generations. Chronic resurgence poses new threats to global rice production. We review findings on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of chronic planthopper resurgence and suggest research directions that may help manage these new threats.

中文翻译：

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农药在稻作系统中引起的飞虱种群回潮。

稻飞虱是亚洲的严重水稻害虫。1960年代初首次报道了它们的人口复兴，主要是由于杀虫剂滥杀滥杀了有益的节肢动物和目标害虫。随后的复活涉及两种机制，有益昆虫的丧失和杀虫剂增强的飞虱繁殖。在这篇综述中，我们确定了两种复发形式：急性和慢性。急性死灰复燃是由传统杀虫剂引起的，在F1代中迅速死灰复燃。慢性回潮是在使用现代农药（包括杀真菌剂和除草剂）之后产生的，这种农药具有较低的天敌毒性，并具有刺激的飞虱繁殖能力。化学驱动的变化综合症导致F2或后代的复兴。长期的复苏对全球稻米生产构成了新的威胁。