Background: Chronic diseases arise as a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle primarily characterized by physical inactivity and unbalanced diets. Regular physical activity can improve health, and there is consistent evidence that these improvements may be the result of epigenetic modifications. Objective: To identify epigenetic modificationsas outcomes of exercise interventions related to specific metabolic alterations. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) methodology for manuscript research and preparation was followed using PubMed and EBSCO databases for literature review. Out of 2,638 articles identified, only 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: The sections of the review were organized by metabolic alterations in which studies were grouped according to healthy, diseased, and trained individuals. Resistance exercise in humans induced epigenetic changes in pathways associated with energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, contributing to healthy skeletal muscle. Endurance exercise also caused modifications in biomarkers associated to metabolic alterations through changes in DNA methylation and the expression of specific miRNAs. However, both resistance and endurance exercise are necessary to obtain a better physiological adaptation and a combination of both seems to be needed to properly tackle the increasing prevalence of non-communicable pathologies. Conclusion: Given the heterogeneity and complexity of the existing literature, it is currently not possible to propose a specific recommendation about the type, intensity, or duration of exercise that could be beneficial for different subsets of the population (healthy, diseased, and/or trained). Nevertheless, this review highlights the importance of exercise for health and shows the need to perform more research in this emerging area to identify epigenetic biomarkers that could serve as indicators of exercise adaptations.

中文翻译：

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作为与特定代谢改变相关的运动干预结果的表观遗传修饰：系统评价

背景：慢性疾病是由不健康的生活方式引起的，主要特征是缺乏身体活动和饮食不平衡。有规律的体育锻炼可以改善健康，并且有一致的证据表明这些改善可能是表观遗传修饰的结果。目的：确定表观遗传修饰作为与特定代谢改变相关的运动干预的结果。方法：使用 PubMed 和 EBSCO 数据库进行文献审查，遵循系统审查和元分析协议 (PRISMA-P) 方法论的首选报告项目，用于手稿研究和准备。在确定的 2,638 篇文章中，只有 34 篇符合纳入标准。结果：评价的各个部分按代谢改变组织，其中研究根据健康、患病和受过训练的人。人类的抗阻运动会引起与能量代谢和胰岛素敏感性相关的通路的表观遗传变化，从而促进骨骼肌的健康。耐力运动还通过 DNA 甲基化的变化和特定 miRNA 的表达，导致与代谢改变相关的生物标志物发生变化。然而，抵抗力和耐力运动对于获得更好的生理适应都是必要的，而且似乎需要两者的结合才能正确解决非传染性疾病日益流行的问题。结论：鉴于现有文献的异质性和复杂性，目前无法就类型、强度、或对不同人群（健康、患病和/或训练有素）有益的运动持续时间。尽管如此，这篇综述强调了运动对健康的重要性，并表明需要在这个新兴领域进行更多研究，以确定可以作为运动适应指标的表观遗传生物标志物。