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Forest recovery following extreme drought in California, USA: natural patterns and effects of pre-drought management.
Ecological Applications ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-11 , DOI: 10.1002/eap.2002
Derek J N Young 1 , Marc Meyer 2 , Becky Estes 3 , Shana Gross 4 , Amarina Wuenschel 5 , Christina Restaino 1 , Hugh D Safford 1, 6
Affiliation  

Rising temperatures and more frequent and severe droughts are driving increases in tree mortality in forests around the globe. However, in many cases, the likely trajectories of forest recovery following drought-related mortality are poorly understood. In many fire-suppressed western U.S. forests, management is applied to reverse densification and restore natural forest structure and species composition, but it is unclear how such management affects post-mortality recovery. We addressed these uncertainties by examining forest stands that experienced mortality during the severe drought of 2012-2016 in California, USA. We surveyed post-drought vegetation along a gradient of overstory mortality severity in paired treated (mechanically thinned or prescribed-burned) and untreated areas in the Sierra Nevada. Treatment substantially reduced tree density, particularly in smaller tree size classes, and these effects persisted through severe drought-related overstory mortality. However, even in treated areas with severe mortality (>67% basal area mortality), the combined density of residual (surviving) trees (mean 44 trees/ha) and saplings (mean 189 saplings/ha) frequently (86% of plots) fell within or exceeded the natural range of variation (NRV) of tree density, suggesting little need for reforestation intervention to increase density. Residual tree densities in untreated high-mortality plots were significantly higher (mean 192 trees/ha and 506 saplings/ha), and 96% of these plots met or exceeded the NRV. Treatment disproportionately removed shade-tolerant conifer species, while mortality in the drought event was concentrated in pines (Pinus ponderosa and P. lambertiana); as a consequence, the residual trees, saplings, and seedlings in treated areas, particularly those that had experienced moderate or high drought-related mortality, were more heavily dominated by broadleaf ("hardwood") trees (particularly Quercus kelloggii and Q. chrysolepis). In contrast, residual trees and regeneration in untreated stands were heavily dominated by shade-tolerant conifer species (Abies concolor and Calocedrus decurrens), suggesting a need for future treatment. Because increased dominance of hardwoods brings benefits for plant and animal diversity and stand resilience, the ecological advantages of mechanical thinning and prescribed fire treatments may, depending on the management perspective, extend even to stands that ultimately experience high drought-related mortality following treatment.

中文翻译:

美国加利福尼亚州极度干旱后的森林恢复:自然形态和干旱前管理的影响。

气温升高以及更频繁,更严重的干旱正在推动全球森林树木死亡率的上升。但是,在许多情况下,人们对与干旱相关的死亡率之后森林恢复的可能轨迹了解得很少。在美国许多遭受火灾抑制的森林中,采用管理措施来逆转致密化并恢复自然森林结构和物种组成,但是目前尚不清楚这种管理措施如何影响死后恢复。我们通过检查在美国加利福尼亚州2012-2016年严重干旱期间经历过死亡的林分来解决这些不确定性。我们在内华达山脉成对的经过处理的(机械减薄或按规定燃烧的区域)和未经处理的区域中,沿干旱致死严重程度的梯度调查了干旱后的植被。处理大大降低了树木密度,尤其是在较小的树种中,这些影响通过与干旱相关的严重过高死亡率而持续存在。但是,即使在病死率极高的地区(基础面积死亡率> 67%),残留(存活)树木(平均44棵树/公顷)和幼树(平均189棵树苗/公顷)的总密度也经常发生(地块的86%)落入或超过树木密度的自然变化范围(NRV),表明几乎不需要进行造林干预以增加密度。未经处理的高死亡率地块的残留树木密度显着更高(平均192棵树/公顷和506棵树苗/公顷),其中96%达到或超过NRV。处理不成比例地去除了耐荫针叶树种,而干旱事件中的死亡率主要集中在松树上(Pinus藏果和P. lambertiana)。作为结果,处理地区的残留树木,树苗和幼苗,特别是那些经历了与干旱相关的中度或高度死亡的地区,主要由阔叶树(“阔叶树”)(尤其是阔叶栎和阔叶栎)所主导。相反,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫的针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。处理地区的树苗和幼苗,特别是那些经历了与干旱相关的中等或较高死亡率的树苗,在很大程度上以阔叶树(“阔叶树”)为主导(尤其是阔叶栎(Quercus kelloggii)和ch。chrysolepis)。相反,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫的针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。处理地区的树苗和幼苗,特别是那些经历了与干旱相关的中等或较高死亡率的树苗,在很大程度上以阔叶树(“阔叶树”)为主导(尤其是阔叶栎(Quercus kelloggii)和ch。chrysolepis)。相比之下,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。特别是那些经历了与干旱相关的中度或高度死亡率的树木,尤其以阔叶树(尤其是阔叶栎和南方栎)为主。相反,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫的针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。特别是那些经历了与干旱相关的中度或高度死亡率的树木,尤其以阔叶树(尤其是阔叶栎和南方栎)为主。相反,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫的针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。)的树木(尤其是Quercus kelloggii和Q. chrysolepis)。相比之下,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。)的树木(尤其是Quercus kelloggii和Q. chrysolepis)。相反,未经处理的林分中的残留树木和再生主要由耐荫的针叶树种(Abies concolor和Calocedrus decurrens)主导,这表明需要进行进一步处理。由于硬木优势地位的提高为动植物的多样性和林分的复原力带来了好处,因此,根据管理的观点,机械间伐和规定的火处理的生态优势可能会扩展到最终在处理后最终遭受与干旱相关的高死亡率的林分。
更新日期:2020-01-04
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