Land use and spatial patterns which reflect social-ecological legacies control ecosystem service (ES) supply. Yet, temporal changes in ES bundles associated with land use change are little studied. We developed original metrics to quantify synchronous historical variations in spatial patterns of land use and ES supply capacity, and demonstrated their use for two mountain grassland landscapes. Consistent with other European mountains, land use dynamics from the nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century resulted in increased landscape heterogeneity, followed by homogenisation. In the persistently grassy landscape of Lautaret in France, landscape multifunctionality—the provision of multiple ES—coincided with greatest landscape heterogeneity and within-patch diversity in ecosystem services in the 1950–1970s. In the more complex Austrian landscape, where since the nineteenth century intensive production has concentrated in the valley and steep slopes have been abandoned, grassland landscape-level multifunctionality and spatial heterogeneity across grasslands have decreased. Increasing spatial heterogeneity across grasslands until the 1970s was paralleled at both sites by increasing fine-grained spatial variability for individual ES, but subsequent landscape simplification has promoted coarse-grained ES patterns This novel analysis of landscape-scale turnover highlighted how spatial patterns for individual ES scale to multiple grassland ES, depending on the nature of land use spatial variability. Under current socio-economic trends, sustaining or re-establishing fine-grained landscapes is often not feasible, thus future landscape planning and policies might focus on managing landscape and regional-scale multifunctionality. Also, the trends towards decreasing cultural ES and increasing regulating ES suggest a contradiction with current social demand and regional policies.

中文翻译：

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两个欧洲高山景观土地利用模式和草原生态系统服务的历史轨迹。

反映社会生态遗产的土地利用和空间格局控制着生态系统服务（ES）的供应。然而，与土地利用变化相关的 ES 束的时间变化却很少被研究。我们开发了原始指标来量化土地利用空间模式和 ES 供应能力的同步历史变化，并展示了它们在两个山地草原景观中的应用。与其他欧洲山脉一样，从十九世纪到二十世纪中叶的土地利用动态导致景观异质性增加，随后出现同质化。在法国洛塔雷的持续草地景观中，景观多功能性（提供多种 ES）与 1950-1970 年代生态系统服务的最大景观异质性和斑块内多样性相吻合。在更为复杂的奥地利景观中，自十九世纪以来集约化生产集中在山谷，陡坡被废弃，草原景观层面的多功能性和草原的空间异质性下降。直到 20 世纪 70 年代，草原上的空间异质性不断增加，这两个地点都通过增加个体 ES 的细粒度空间变异性而并行，但随后的景观简化促进了粗粒度 ES 模式这种对景观尺度周转的新颖分析强调了个体 ES 的空间模式如何规模到多个草地ES，取决于土地利用空间变异的性质。在当前的社会经济趋势下，维持或重建细粒度景观通常是不可行的，因此未来的景观规划和政策可能侧重于管理景观和区域规模的多功能性。此外，文化ES减少和监管ES增加的趋势表明与当前的社会需求和区域政策相矛盾。