Background Approximately 80% of Ethiopia's energy consumption is dominated by woody biomass fuel use, resulting in 91.2 million tons of firewood and 4.2 million tons of charcoal consumed annually. Ethiopia's dependency on non-sustainable energy, especially for cooking, has been a major concern for the nation for the past 30 years, contributing to deforestation, climate change, and adverse human health impacts. Objectives Our objective was to document the work of Gaia Association and the implementation of the ethanol CleanCook stove in the refugee camp and urban settings of Ethiopia. We then assessed the potential for the scale-up of ethanol as a household fuel. Methods We utilized the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate the effectiveness and sustainability of the ethanol cookstove intervention. We obtained secondary data from a variety of sources to evaluate a.) The performance of the CleanCook ethanol stove; b.) Effectiveness of the ethanol cookstove implementation; and, c.) Barriers to scale-up and commercialization of ethanol use as a household fuel. In addition, we conducted primary analysis of qualitative surveys to evaluate the perceptions of the ethanol and adoption of the CleanCook stove. Results Our case study results provide critical insight into the 13-year implementation of the CleanCook ethanol stove in Ethiopia. Laboratory tests demonstrate that the CleanCook stove reduces harmful emissions compared to biomass stoves, and preliminary field tests show 24-hour average PM2.5 levels of 200 μg/m3. To-date 8,731 CleanCook stoves were distributed to refugee households, while an additional 500 were sold at a subsided price to low-income urban households. CleanCook stove users report the continued use of multiple stoves. Conclusions The CleanCook ethanol stove has been implemented as an energy intervention for the vulnerable refugee population in Ethiopia for over 13 years. There has been limited success of a subsidized CleanCook stove among low-income households in Addis Ababa. This case study demonstrates the complexities of promoting a new fuel for household cooking, and the numerous obstacles and stagnations in implementation. Ethanol demonstrates some potential for scale-up and commercialization as a household fuel in Addis Ababa, but it may require simultaneous stabilization of ethanol supply, growth of a city-wide distribution infrastructure, and an affordably priced stove and fuel.

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埃塞俄比亚乙醇 CleanCook 炉灶干预和潜在扩大规模的案例研究

背景 埃塞俄比亚约 80% 的能源消耗以木质生物质燃料为主，每年消耗 9120 万吨木柴和 420 万吨木炭。过去 30 年来，埃塞俄比亚对非可持续能源的依赖，尤其是在烹饪方面的依赖，一直是该国关注的主要问题，导致森林砍伐、气候变化和对人类健康的不利影响。目标 我们的目标是记录盖亚协会的工作以及乙醇 CleanCook 炉在埃塞俄比亚难民营和城市环境中的实施。然后，我们评估了乙醇作为家用燃料扩大规模的潜力。方法 我们利用了覆盖率、有效性、采用率、实施和维护 (RE-AIM) 框架，用于评估乙醇炉灶干预的有效性和可持续性。我们从各种来源获得二手数据来评估 a.) CleanCook 乙醇炉的性能；b.) 乙醇炉灶实施的有效性；并且，c.) 乙醇作为家庭燃料使用的规模化和商业化的障碍。此外，我们对定性调查进行了初步分析，以评估对乙醇的看法和 CleanCook 炉灶的采用情况。结果 我们的案例研究结果为埃塞俄比亚实施了 13 年的 CleanCook 乙醇炉提供了重要见解。实验室测试表明，CleanCook 炉灶与生物质炉灶相比可减少有害排放，初步现场测试显示 24 小时平均 PM2.5。5 级 200 μg/m3。迄今为止，向难民家庭分发了 8,731 个 CleanCook 炉灶，另有 500 个以低价出售给低收入城市家庭。CleanCook 炉子用户报告继续使用多个炉子。结论 13 多年来，CleanCook 乙醇炉已作为一种能源干预措施为埃塞俄比亚的弱势难民群体实施。在亚的斯亚贝巴的低收入家庭中，获得补贴的 CleanCook 炉灶的成功有限。本案例研究展示了推广家庭烹饪新燃料的复杂性，以及实施过程中的众多障碍和停滞。乙醇在亚的斯亚贝巴展示了作为家用燃料扩大规模和商业化的一些潜力，但可能需要同时稳定乙醇供应，