Development and implementation of clean cooking technology for households in low and middle income countries (LMICs) offer enormous promise to advance at least five Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): 3. Good health and well-being; 5. Gender equality; 7. Affordable and clean energy; 13. Climate action; 15. Life on land. Programs are being implemented around the world to introduce alternative cooking technologies, and we are well on the way to achieving the goal set by the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves to reach 100 million homes with cleaner and more efficient cooking methods by 2020. Despite evidence that household air pollution (HAP) from solid fuel combustion is responsible for 3–4 million early deaths per year, many cookstove programs are motivated and/or financed by climate change mitigation schemes and deploy alternative stoves that use solid fuels such as wood and charcoal. However, recent studies have demonstrated that improved biomass-burning stoves typically only incrementally improve air quality and yield modest or minimal health benefits. Likewise, their contributions to climate change mitigation and other SDGs may be limited. Evidence indicates that cleaner fuels, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ethanol and biogas, offer greater potential benefits not only to health, but also greater progress towards climate goals and other relevant SDGs. We present a modeled estimate of these potential gains for a diverse group of 40 LMICs. Our model suggests that cookstove programs using LPG stoves and fuel will yield greater reductions in both Disability Adjusted Life Years and Global Warming Commitment in these countries than those using improved biomass stoves. Cost and infrastructure requirements for clean fuels such as LPG are widely recognized constraints. In view of these constraints we present an analytical method to simultaneously consider health and climate needs at the national level for the same 40 countries in the context of estimated LPG expansion potentials. Comparative analyses integrating priorities across SDGs at the national and regional levels may guide more practical and effective household energy development choices going forward.

中文翻译：

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清洁烹饪和可持续发展目标：指导能源干预以实现健康和环境目标的综合分析方法


为中低收入国家 (LMIC) 家庭开发和实施清洁烹饪技术为推进至少五个可持续发展目标 (SDG) 带来了巨大希望： 3. 良好的健康和福祉； 5. 性别平等； 7. 负担得起的清洁能源； 13. 气候行动； 15.陆地上的生活。世界各地正在实施引进替代烹饪技术的计划，我们正在顺利实现全球清洁炉灶联盟设定的目标，即到 2020 年为 1 亿家庭提供更清洁、更高效的烹饪方法。固体燃料燃烧造成的家庭空气污染 (HAP) 每年导致 3-400 万人过早死亡，许多炉灶项目都是受到气候变化减缓计划的推动和/或资助，并部署使用木材和木炭等固体燃料的替代炉灶。然而，最近的研究表明，改进的生物质燃烧炉通常只能逐步改善空气质量，并产生适度或最小的健康益处。同样，它们对减缓气候变化和其他可持续发展目标的贡献可能有限。有证据表明，液化石油气（LPG）、乙醇和沼气等清洁燃料不仅对健康具有更大的潜在效益，而且还能在实现气候目标和其他相关可持续发展目标方面取得更大进展。我们对 40 个中低收入国家的不同群体的这些潜在收益进行了建模估计。我们的模型表明，与使用改进的生物质炉灶的计划相比，使用液化石油气炉灶和燃料的炉灶计划将在这些国家的残疾调整生命年和全球变暖承诺方面产生更大的减少。 液化石油气等清洁燃料的成本和基础设施要求是公认的限制因素。鉴于这些限制，我们提出了一种分析方法，在估计液化石油气扩张潜力的背景下，同时考虑这 40 个国家在国家层面的健康和气候需求。整合国家和地区层面可持续发展目标优先事项的比较分析可能会指导未来更加实际和有效的家庭能源发展选择。