Membranes of intracellular organelles are characterized by large curvatures with radii of the order of 10-30nm. While, generally, membrane curvature can be a consequence of any asymmetry between the membrane monolayers, generation of large curvatures requires the action of mechanisms based on specialized proteins. Here we discuss the three most relevant classes of such mechanisms with emphasis on the physical requirements for proteins to be effective in generation of membrane curvature. We provide new quantitative estimates of membrane bending by shallow hydrophobic insertions and compare the efficiency of the insertion mechanism with those of the protein scaffolding and crowding mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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塑造细胞膜的机制。

细胞内细胞器的膜的特征在于半径为 10-30nm 的大曲率。虽然通常，膜曲率可能是膜单层之间任何不对称的结果，但大曲率的产生需要基于特殊蛋白质的机制的作用。在这里，我们讨论了三种最相关的此类机制，重点是蛋白质有效产生膜曲率的物理要求。我们通过浅疏水插入提供了新的膜弯曲定量估计，并将插入机制的效率与蛋白质支架和拥挤机制的效率进行了比较。