Although exposure to major psychological trauma is unfortunately common, risk for related neuropsychiatric conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), varies greatly among individuals. Fear extinction offers a tractable and translatable behavioral readout of individual differences in learned recovery from trauma. Studies in rodent substrains and subpopulations are providing new insights into neural system dysfunctions associated with impaired fear extinction. Rapid progress is also being made in identifying key molecular circuits, epigenetic mechanisms, and gene variants associated with differences in fear extinction. Here, we discuss how this research is informing understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of individual differences in risk for trauma-related anxiety disorders, and how future work can help identify novel diagnostic biomarkers and pharmacotherapeutics for these disorders.

中文翻译：

---

从创伤性恐惧中恢复的个体差异

尽管不幸的是，遭受重大心理创伤的情况很常见，但相关神经精神疾病（例如创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD)）的风险因人而异。恐惧消退提供了一种易于处理和可翻译的行为读数，可以了解从创伤中学习恢复的个体差异。对啮齿动物亚种和亚群的研究正在为与恐惧消退受损相关的神经系统功能障碍提供新的见解。在确定与恐惧灭绝差异相关的关键分子回路、表观遗传机制和基因变异方面也取得了快速进展。在这里，我们讨论了这项研究如何帮助理解创伤相关焦虑症风险的个体差异的病因和病理生理学，