Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands. TLR signaling in immune cells, glia and neurons can play roles in the pathogenesis of stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent findings suggest that TLR signaling also influences multiple dynamic processes in the developing and adult central nervous system including neurogenesis, axonal growth and structural plasticity. In addition, TLRs are implicated in the regulation of behaviors including learning, memory and anxiety. This review describes recently discovered and unexpected roles for TLRs in neuroplasticity, and the implications of these findings for future basic and translational research studies.

中文翻译：

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神经可塑性和疾病中的 Toll 样受体信号传导

Toll 样受体 (TLR) 是先天免疫系统受体家族，可对病原体衍生的和组织损伤相关的配体作出反应。免疫细胞、神经胶质和神经元中的 TLR 信号传导可以在中风、阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 和多发性硬化症 (MS) 的发病机制中发挥作用。最近的研究结果表明，TLR 信号还影响发育中和成人中枢神经系统中的多个动态过程，包括神经发生、轴突生长和结构可塑性。此外，TLRs 与包括学习、记忆和焦虑在内的行为调节有关。这篇综述描述了最近发现的 TLR 在神经可塑性中的意外作用，以及这些发现对未来基础和转化研究的影响。