Abstract Nickel, zinc, and copper oxide nanoparticles (NiONP, ZnONP, and CuONP) and their aqueous extracts (AEs) were applied to A549 lung epithelial cells to determine the cytotoxicity, IL-8 production, and activation of transcription factors. Nanoparticles (NPs) and their AEs were also instilled into rat lungs to evaluate acute and chronic inflammatory effects. In vitro AEs had specific effects; for example NiOAE had no effect and ZnOAE affected all parameters measured. NPs themselves all had cytotoxic effects but only ZnONP and CuONP impacted pro-inflammatory endpoints. The inflammatory cells in the BAL were also different from AEs and NPs with ZnONP and CuONP recruiting eosinophils and neutrophils whilst ZnOAE and CuOAE elicited only mild neutrophilic inflammation that had resolved by four weeks. NiONP recruited neutrophils only whilst NiOAE did not cause any inflammation. Understanding differences in the toxic role of the ionic components of metal oxide NPs will contribute to full hazard identification and characterisation.

中文翻译：

---

金属氧化物纳米粒子及其可溶性离子在体外和体内的不同促炎作用；锌和铜纳米粒子，但不是它们的离子，将嗜酸性粒细胞募集到肺部。

摘要 将镍、锌和氧化铜纳米颗粒（NiONP、ZnONP 和 CuONP）及其水提取物 (AEs) 应用于 A549 肺上皮细胞，以确定细胞毒性、IL-8 产生和转录因子的激活。纳米颗粒 (NPs) 及其 AEs 也被注入大鼠肺部以评估急性和慢性炎症效应。体外 AEs 具有特定的效果；例如 NiOAE 没有影响，而 ZnOAE 影响了所有测量的参数。NPs 本身都具有细胞毒性作用，但只有 ZnONP 和 CuONP 影响促炎终点。BAL 中的炎症细胞也与 AE 和 NP 不同，其中 ZnONP 和 CuONP 募集嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞，而 ZnOAE 和 CuOAE 仅引起轻度中性粒细胞炎症，并在 4 周后消退。NiONP 仅招募中性粒细胞，而 NiOAE 不会引起任何炎症。了解金属氧化物 NP 的离子成分的毒性作用差异将有助于全面的危害识别和表征。