In this article, we critically review the evidence for overlap among three developmental disorders, namely speech sound disorder (SSD), language impairment (LI), and reading disability (RD), at three levels of analysis: diagnostic, cognitive, and etiological. We find that while overlap exists at all three levels, it varies by comorbidity subtype, and the relations among these three disorders are complex and not fully understood. We evaluate which comorbidity models can be rejected or supported as explanations for why and how these three disorders overlap and what new data are needed to better define their relations.

中文翻译：

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言语、语言和阅读障碍之间的关系。

在本文中，我们从诊断、认知和病因三个分析层面，批判性地审查了三种发育障碍之间重叠的证据，即语音障碍 (SSD)、语言障碍 (LI) 和阅读障碍 (RD)。我们发现，虽然在所有三个层面都存在重叠，但它因合并症亚型而异，并且这三种疾病之间的关系复杂且尚未完全了解。我们评估哪些合并症模型可以被拒绝或支持，以解释这三种疾病重叠的原因和方式，以及需要哪些新数据来更好地定义它们的关系。