Many lesion studies report an amazing variety of deficits in behavioral functions that cannot possibly be encoded in great detail by the relatively small number of midbrain dopamine neurons. Although hoping to unravel a single dopamine function underlying these phenomena, electrophysiological and neurochemical studies still give a confusing, mutually exclusive, and partly contradictory account of dopamine's role in behavior. However, the speed of observed phasic dopamine changes varies several thousand fold, which offers a means to differentiate the behavioral relationships according to their time courses. Thus dopamine is involved in mediating the reactivity of the organism to the environment at different time scales, from fast impulse responses related to reward via slower changes with uncertainty, punishment, and possibly movement to the tonic enabling of postsynaptic motor, cognitive, and motivational systems deficient in Parkinson's disease.

中文翻译：

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多种多巴胺功能在不同的时间课程。

许多病变研究报告了行为功能的各种缺陷，这些缺陷不可能由相对较少的中脑多巴胺神经元详细编码。尽管希望解开这些现象背后的单一多巴胺功能，但电生理学和神经化学研究仍然对多巴胺在行为中的作用给出了令人困惑、相互排斥和部分矛盾的解释。然而，观察到的阶段性多巴胺变化的速度变化数千倍，这提供了一种根据时间进程区分行为关系的方法。因此，多巴胺参与调节生物体在不同时间尺度上对环境的反应，从与奖励相关的快速脉冲响应到具有不确定性的较慢变化、惩罚、