Obesity and diabetes are reaching epidemic levels globally. Metagenomics and microbiome science have recently emerged as new tools for studying common complex human diseases. We report in this study notable differences in gut microbiome in adult patients with obesity and diabetes in Egypt. The experimental design was based on comparisons of four study groups: (1) Controls (C) with a normal body mass index, without obesity or diabetes, (2) Obese adults (O) without diabetes, (3) adults with diabetes (D) who are not obese, and (4) Adults who are both obese and diabetic (OD). In a total study sample of 60 participants, we sequenced the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha diversity analysis revealed greater diversity in bacterial communities of (D) than controls. Phylum-level analysis identified a trend for overrepresentation of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.07) in (O) and (D) than controls. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) displayed a remarkable increase in (OD) than controls. At genus level, Faecalibacterium (p < 0.05) and Akkermansia (p < 0.001) distinguished (O) from controls, while Fusobacterium (p < 0.001) and Bacteroides (p < 0.001) was significantly more abundant in (OD) compared with D. Surprisingly, isoquinoline, quinone and ubiquinone alkaloid biosynthesis were overrepresented in controls compared with other three study groups. Presumably, the latter observation might potentially suggest an antihyperglycemic activity of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, the health state of the adults in our study defined the composition of the gut microbiota. Moreover, obesity and diabetes were associated with remarkably enriched populations of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The abundance of Fusobacterium is worth further research and exploration as a candidate biomarker for prediabetes especially in obese individuals. The potential antihyperglycemic activity of the gut microbiota is also noteworthy for future studies in other world populations.

中文翻译：

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埃及成年人肠道微生物组改变对肥胖和糖尿病的新见解。

肥胖和糖尿病在全球范围内已达到流行病水平。元基因组学和微生物组科学最近已经成为研究常见的复杂人类疾病的新工具。我们在这项研究中报告了埃及肥胖和糖尿病成年患者肠道微生物组的显着差异。实验设计基于四个研究组的比较：（1）正常体重指数的对照组（C），没有肥胖或糖尿病；（2）没有糖尿病的肥胖成年人（O）；（3）糖尿病成年人（D ）非肥胖者；以及（4）既肥胖又患有糖尿病（OD）的成年人。在总共60名参与者的研究样本中，我们使用Illumina MiSeq平台对16S核糖体RNA（rRNA）基因进行了测序。Alpha多样性分析显示（D）的细菌群落中的多样性比对照更大。菌丝水平的分析确定了（O）和（D）中拟杆菌比对照组高的趋势（p <0.07）。硬毛虫/拟杆菌比率（F / B）比对照显示出显着增加（OD）。在属水平上，Faecalibacterium（p <0.05）和Akkermansia（p <0.001）与对照区分开（O），而Fusobacterium（p <0.001）和Bacteroides（p <0.001）与D相比，丰富得多。令人惊讶的是，与其他三个研究组相比，对照组中的异喹啉，醌和泛醌生物碱的生物合成过高。据推测，后者的观察结果可能暗示了肠道菌群的降血糖活性。总之，在我们的研究中，成年人的健康状况定义了肠道菌群的组成。此外，肥胖和糖尿病与丰胸虫和拟杆菌的数量显着增加有关。丰富的镰刀菌值得作为糖尿病前体尤其是肥胖个体的候选生物标志物进行进一步的研究和探索。肠道菌群潜在的降血糖活性也值得在其他世界人群中进行进一步研究。