Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Pathologies affecting skeletal muscle such as cancer cachexia, intensive care unit treatment, muscular dystrophies, and others are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has begun to determine that these muscular pathologies appear to present and develop differently between males and females. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive review on musculoskeletal differences between males and females and how these differences may contribute to sex differences in muscle pathologies. Herein, we present a review of the current literature on muscle phenotype and physiology between males and females and how these differences may contribute to differential responses to atrophic stimuli. In general, females appear to be more susceptible to disuse induced muscle wasting, yet protected from inflammation induced (such as cancer cachexia) muscle wasting compared to males. These differences may be due in part to differences in muscle protein turnover, satellite cell content and proliferation, hormonal interactions, and mitochondrial differences between males and females. However, more works specifically examining muscle pathologies in females are necessary to more fully understand the inherent sex-based differences in muscle pathologies between the sexes and how they may correspond to different clinical treatments.

中文翻译：

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肌肉新陈代谢和萎缩：让我们谈谈性。

骨骼肌健康是整体健康和长寿的重要指标。诸如癌症恶病质，重症监护病房治疗，肌肉营养不良等影响骨骼肌的疾病与生活质量下降和死亡率增加相关。最近的研究已经开始确定这些肌肉病理在男性和女性之间似乎呈现并发展不同。然而，据我们所知，关于男性和女性之间的肌肉骨骼差异以及这些差异如何导致肌肉病理学上的性别差异，尚无全面的综述。本文中，我们对男性和女性之间的肌肉表型和生理学以及这些差异如何导致对萎缩性刺激的差异反应进行了综述。一般来说，与男性相比，女性似乎更容易废弃而引起的肌肉萎缩，但可以避免炎症引起的（例如癌症恶病质）肌肉浪费。这些差异可能部分归因于男性和女性之间肌肉蛋白质更新，卫星细胞含量和增殖，激素相互作用以及线粒体差异的差异。但是，为了更全面地了解性别之间固有的基于性别的性别差异以及它们如何对应于不同的临床治疗方法，有必要开展更多专门研究女性肌肉病理的工作。卫星细胞的含量和增殖，激素相互作用以及雌雄之间的线粒体差异。但是，为了更全面地了解性别之间固有的基于性别的性别差异以及它们如何对应于不同的临床治疗方法，有必要开展更多专门研究女性肌肉病理的工作。卫星细胞的含量和增殖，激素相互作用以及雌雄之间的线粒体差异。但是，为了更全面地了解性别之间固有的基于性别的性别差异以及它们如何对应于不同的临床治疗方法，有必要开展更多专门研究女性肌肉病理的工作。