Madness can manifest itself in the form of excessive happiness; the patient laughs, plays and dances incessantly night and day, at times he walks around enwreathed in the belief that he has won a sports competition. Insane people like that are harmless towards their surroundings. Worse are those maniacals, who abandon themselves to violent outbursts of anger, rip their clothes and, at times, even kill their servants or attempt suicide. The nature of morbid ideas varies according to the patients’ educational level. Those patients, who are educated and have studied, foster their fantastic astronomical theories and philosophical systems or believe that they are inspired by the muses to the creation of original poetic works; the uneducated, on the other hand, imagine that they would be capable of performing tests of strength by carrying burdens or that they are skilled potters, carpenters and stonemasons. Examples of peculiar fixed ideas are given to the effect that some believe that they are pots of clay and, therefore, are fearful of having a fall and breaking, others believe that they are of unfired clay and fear being dissolved in water. There is a story of a carpenter, who was absolutely rational in his workshop and workplace, performed everything that his trade demanded of him to full satisfaction, could make contracts with his employers and accounts for his payment without anything noticeable about him; but when he wanted to put his tools away to go to the market or take a bath or similar, at first, he sighed deeply and then took the tools on his shoulders, bringing them with

中文翻译：

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经典文本第 121 号：“古典古代的疯狂”，JL Heiberg（1913 年）

疯狂可以表现为过度的快乐；患者日夜不停地笑、玩耍和跳舞，有时他四处走动，以为自己赢得了体育比赛。像这样的疯子对周围的环境是无害的。更糟糕的是那些疯子，他们任凭自己的愤怒爆发，撕毁自己的衣服，有时甚至杀死他们的仆人或企图自杀。病态观念的性质因患者的教育水平而异。那些受过教育和研究的患者，培养了他们奇妙的天文理论和哲学体系，或相信他们受到缪斯的启发而创作出原创诗作；另一方面，没有受过教育的人，想象他们将能够通过背负重物来进行力量测试，或者他们是熟练的陶艺家、木匠和石匠。一些奇特的固定观念的例子是，有些人认为它们是陶罐，因此害怕跌落和破碎，另一些人则认为它们是未烧制的粘土并害怕溶解在水中。有一个故事，一个木匠在他的作坊和工作场所绝对理性，他完全满足自己的行业要求，可以与雇主签订合同并计算他的付款，而他没有任何注意；但是当他想把工具收起来去市场或者洗澡之类的时候，他先是深深地叹了口气，然后把工具扛在肩上，带着 一些奇特的固定观念的例子是，有些人认为它们是陶罐，因此害怕跌落和破碎，另一些人则认为它们是未烧制的粘土并害怕溶解在水中。有一个故事，一个木匠在他的作坊和工作场所绝对理性，他完全满足自己的行业要求，可以与雇主签订合同并计算他的付款，而他没有任何注意；但是当他想把工具收起来去市场或者洗澡之类的时候，他先是深深地叹了口气，然后把工具扛在肩上，带着 一些奇特的固定观念的例子是，一些人认为它们是陶罐，因此害怕跌落和破碎，另一些人则认为它们是未烧制的粘土并害怕溶解在水中。有一个故事，一个木匠在他的作坊和工作场所绝对理性，他完全满足自己的行业要求，可以与雇主签订合同并计算他的付款，而他没有任何注意；但是当他想把工具收起来去市场或者洗澡之类的时候，他先是深深地叹了口气，然后把工具扛在肩上，带着 其他人则认为它们是未烧制的粘土，害怕溶解在水中。有一个故事，一个木匠在他的作坊和工作场所绝对理性，他完全满足自己的行业要求，可以与雇主签订合同并计算他的付款，而他没有任何注意；但是当他想把工具收起来去市场或者洗澡之类的时候，他先是深深地叹了口气，然后把工具扛在肩上，带着 其他人则认为它们是未烧制的粘土，害怕溶解在水中。有一个故事，一个木匠在他的作坊和工作场所绝对理性，他完全满足自己的行业要求，可以与雇主签订合同并计算他的付款，而他没有任何注意；但是当他想把工具收起来去市场或者洗澡之类的时候，他先是深深地叹了口气，然后把工具扛在肩上，带着