Additive manufacturing (commonly referred to as 3D printing) created an attractive approach for regenerative medicine research in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Given the high number of fabrication technologies available, characterized by different working and physical principles, there are several related risks that need to be managed to protect operators. Recently, an increasing number of studies demonstrated that several types of 3D printers are emitters of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds whose harmful effects through inhalation, ingestion and skin uptake are known. Confirmation of danger of these products is not yet final, but this provides a basis to adopt preventive measures in agreement with the precautionary principle. The purpose of this investigation was to provide a useful tool to the researcher for managing the risks related to the use of different kinds of three-dimensional printers (3D printers) in the lab, especiallyconcerning orthopedic applications, and to define appropriate control measures. Particular attention was given to new emerging risks and to developing response strategies for a comprehensive coverage of the health and safety of operators.

中文翻译：

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肌肉骨骼组织的3D打印：对工作中的安全与健康的影响。

增材制造（通常称为3D打印）为肌肉骨骼组织工程中的再生医学研究创造了一种有吸引力的方法。鉴于可用的制造技术数量众多，以不同的工作原理和物理原理为特征，因此需要管理一些相关风险以保护操作员。最近，越来越多的研究表明，几种类型的3D打印机都是超细颗粒和挥发性有机化合物的发射体，它们的吸入，摄入和皮肤吸收有害作用是已知的。对这些产品的危险性的确认尚未最终确定，但这为根据预防原则采取预防措施提供了依据。这项研究的目的是为研究人员提供一个有用的工具，以管理与在实验室中使用不同种类的三维打印机（3D打印机）有关的风险，尤其是在整形外科方面，并定义适当的控制措施。特别注意了新出现的风险和制定应对策略以全面涵盖操作员的健康和安全。