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Recent advancements in exon-skipping therapies using antisense oligonucleotides and genome editing for the treatment of various muscular dystrophies
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ( IF 4.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-10-02 , DOI: 10.1017/erm.2019.5
Jaeho Hwang 1 , Toshifumi Yokota 1, 2
Affiliation  

Muscular dystrophy is a group of genetic disorders characterised by degeneration of muscles. Different forms of muscular dystrophy can show varying phenotypes with a wide range of age, severity and location of muscle deterioration. Many palliative care options are available for muscular dystrophy patients, but no curative treatment is available. Exon-skipping therapy aims to induce skipping of exons with disease-causing mutations and/or nearby exons to restore the reading frame, which results in an internally truncated, partially functional protein. In antisense-mediated exon-skipping synthetic antisense oligonucleotide binds to pre-mRNA to induce exon skipping. Recent advances in exon skipping have yielded promising results; the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eteplirsen (Exondys51) as the first exon-skipping drug for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and in vivo exon skipping has been demonstrated in animal models of dysferlinopathy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C and congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A. Novel methods that induce exon skipping utilizing Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) are also being developed where splice site mutations are created within the genome to induce exon skipping. Challenges remain as exon-skipping agents can have deleterious non-specific effects and different in-frame deletions show phenotypic variance. This article reviews the state of the art of exon skipping for treating muscular dystrophy and discusses challenges and future prospects.

中文翻译:

使用反义寡核苷酸和基因组编辑治疗各种肌营养不良症的外显子跳跃疗法的最新进展

肌营养不良症是一组以肌肉退化为特征的遗传性疾病。不同形式的肌营养不良症可以表现出不同的表型,具有广泛的年龄、严重程度和肌肉退化的位置。肌肉萎缩症患者有许多姑息治疗选择,但没有治愈性治疗。外显子跳跃疗法旨在诱导具有致病突变和/或附近外显子的外显子跳跃以恢复阅读框,从而产生内部截短的部分功能性蛋白质。在反义介导的外显子跳跃中,合成反义寡核苷酸与前 mRNA 结合以诱导外显子跳跃。外显子跳跃的最新进展已经产生了可喜的结果。美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准 eteplirsen (Exondys51) 作为第一个外显子跳跃药物用于治疗 Duchenne 肌营养不良症,并且体内外显子跳跃已在dysferlinopathy、肢带型肌营养不良2C 型动物模型中得到证实和先天性肌营养不良1A型。利用成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPR) 诱导外显子跳跃的新方法也正在开发中,其中在基因组内产生剪接位点突变以诱导外显子跳跃。挑战仍然存在,因为外显子跳跃剂可能具有有害的非特异性影响,并且不同的框内缺失显示出表型差异。本文回顾了外显子跳跃治疗肌肉萎缩症的最新技术,并讨论了挑战和未来前景。体内外显子跳跃已在dysferlinopathy、2C 型肢带型肌营养不良症和1A 型先天性肌营养不良症的动物模型中得到证实。利用成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPR) 诱导外显子跳跃的新方法也正在开发中,其中在基因组内产生剪接位点突变以诱导外显子跳跃。挑战仍然存在,因为外显子跳跃剂可能具有有害的非特异性影响,并且不同的框内缺失显示出表型差异。本文回顾了外显子跳跃治疗肌肉萎缩症的最新技术,并讨论了挑战和未来前景。体内外显子跳跃已在dysferlinopathy、2C 型肢带型肌营养不良症和1A 型先天性肌营养不良症的动物模型中得到证实。利用成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPR) 诱导外显子跳跃的新方法也正在开发中,其中在基因组内产生剪接位点突变以诱导外显子跳跃。挑战仍然存在,因为外显子跳跃剂可能具有有害的非特异性影响,并且不同的框内缺失显示出表型差异。本文回顾了外显子跳跃治疗肌肉萎缩症的最新技术,并讨论了挑战和未来前景。利用成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPR) 诱导外显子跳跃的新方法也正在开发中,其中在基因组内产生剪接位点突变以诱导外显子跳跃。挑战仍然存在,因为外显子跳跃剂可能具有有害的非特异性影响,并且不同的框内缺失显示出表型差异。本文回顾了外显子跳跃治疗肌肉萎缩症的最新技术,并讨论了挑战和未来前景。利用成簇规则间隔短回文重复序列 (CRISPR) 诱导外显子跳跃的新方法也正在开发中,其中在基因组内产生剪接位点突变以诱导外显子跳跃。挑战仍然存在,因为外显子跳跃剂可能具有有害的非特异性影响,并且不同的框内缺失显示出表型差异。本文回顾了外显子跳跃治疗肌肉萎缩症的最新技术,并讨论了挑战和未来前景。
更新日期:2019-10-02
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