Acoustically driven nebulized drug delivery (acoustic aerosol delivery) is the most efficient noninvasive technique for drug delivery to maxillary sinuses (MS). This method is based on the oscillation of the air plug inside the ostium to transport drug particles from the nasal cavity (NC) to the MS. The larger the wavelength of the air plug oscillation in the ostium, the greater the penetration of drug particles to the MS. However, using this technique, the maximum drug delivery efficiency achieved to date is 5%, which means 95% of the aerosolized drugs do not enter the MS and are wasted. Since the largest amplitude of the air plug oscillation occurs at its resonance frequency, to achieve an improved MS drug delivery efficiency, it is important to determine the resonance frequency of the nose–sinus combination accurately. This paper aims to investigate the impact of geometrical parameters on the resonance frequency of the nose–sinus model. Both experimental and computational acoustic models, along with the theoretical analysis, were conducted to determine the resonance frequency of an idealized nose–sinus model. The computational modeling was carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA), whereas in the analytical solution, the mathematical relationships developed for a conventional Helmholtz resonator were employed. A series of experiments were also conducted to measure the resonance frequency of a realistic NC–MS combination. The results demonstrated a good agreement between the experimental and CFD modeling, while the FEA and theoretical analysis showed a significant deviation from the experimental data. Also, it was shown that the resonance frequency of the idealized nose–sinus model increases by up to twofold with increasing the ostium diameter from 3 to 9 mm; however, it has an inverse relationship with the ostium length and sinus volume. It was also reported that the resonance frequency of the nose–sinus model is independent of the NC width and MS shape.

中文翻译：

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几何参数对声学驱动药物输送至上颌窦的影响。

声驱动雾化药物输送（声雾剂输送）是将药物输送到上颌窦（MS）的最有效的非侵入性技术。此方法基于孔内空气塞的振荡，以将药物颗粒从鼻腔（NC）传输到MS。气孔在气孔中振荡的波长越大，药物颗粒向MS的渗透就越大。但是，使用该技术，迄今为止达到的最大药物输送效率为5％，这意味着95％的雾化药物不会进入MS并被浪费。由于空气塞振荡的最大振幅发生在其共振频率上，因此要提高MS药物的输送效率，准确确定鼻窦组合的共振频率非常重要。本文旨在研究几何参数对鼻窦模型共振频率的影响。进行了实验和计算声学模型以及理论分析，以确定理想的鼻窦模型的共振频率。使用计算流体动力学（CFD）和有限元分析（FEA）进行了计算建模，而在分析解决方案中，则采用了为传统的亥姆霍兹谐振器开发的数学关系式。还进行了一系列实验来测量实际NC-MS组合的共振频率。结果表明，实验和CFD建模之间具有良好的一致性，而FEA和理论分析表明与实验数据存在显着偏差。也，结果表明，理想的鼻窦模型的共振频率会随着口直径从3毫米增加到9毫米而增加两倍。但是，它与口长度和窦体积成反比关系。也有报道说，鼻窦模型的共振频率与NC宽度和MS形状无关。