In addition to a multifactorial etiology of nutritional, social and environmental stressors, post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs is often related to infection with specific pathogens such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). In swine farming operations, the incidence of PWD is a global concern and is associated with an unbalanced gut status, resulting in poor performance and high antimicrobial consumption via prophylaxis and metaphylaxis. Increases in antimicrobial resistance are reinforcing an already-urgent need for sustainable, alternative solutions for maintaining optimal gut health in livestock. Tannin-rich plants and extracts contain bioactive compounds that could be of great interest in this respect. This review describes how the use of tannins around weaning could be beneficial for pigs, with special emphasis on the reduction of ETEC-related PWD. An overview of the broad chemical diversity of tannins is presented together with their physicochemical and biological properties, as well as how they may be metabolized in the digestive tract. The pharmacological effects exerted by tannins are summarized; more precisely, the possible mechanisms by which tannins can disrupt the different steps of the pathogenesis of ETEC-related PWD are highlighted. The factors affecting the bioactivity of tannins are also discussed, shedding light on the importance of chemical structure among different tannins.

中文翻译：

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特邀评论：单宁可作为抗生素的潜在替代品，以防止断奶猪大肠菌群腹泻。

除了营养，社会和环境应激因素的多因素病因外，猪的断奶后腹泻（PWD）通常还与特定病原体如肠毒素性大肠杆菌（ETEC）的感染有关。在养猪场中，PWD的发病率已成为全球关注的问题，并且与肠道状态不平衡有关，从而导致性能不佳以及通过预防和代谢而导致的高抗菌素消耗。抗菌素耐药性的增加正促使人们迫切需要可持续的替代解决方案，以保持牲畜的最佳肠道健康。单宁含量高的植物和提取物中含有生物活性化合物，在这方面可能引起人们的极大兴趣。这篇评论描述了在断奶前后使用单宁对猪有何好处，特别强调减少ETEC相关的PWD。概述了单宁的广泛化学多样性及其理化和生物学特性，以及它们在消化道中的代谢方式。总结了单宁酸的药理作用。更准确地说，单宁可以破坏与ETEC相关的PWD发病机理的不同步骤的可能机制得到了强调。还讨论了影响单宁生物活性的因素，从而阐明了不同单宁之间化学结构的重要性。总结了单宁酸的药理作用。更准确地说，单宁可以破坏与ETEC相关的PWD发病机理的不同步骤的可能机制得到了强调。还讨论了影响单宁生物活性的因素，从而阐明了不同单宁之间化学结构的重要性。总结了单宁酸的药理作用。更确切地说，单宁可以破坏与ETEC相关的PWD发病机理的不同步骤的可能机制被重点介绍。还讨论了影响单宁生物活性的因素，从而阐明了不同单宁之间化学结构的重要性。