This is the second of a two-part essay on the history of debates concerning the creativity of natural selection, from Darwin through the evolutionary synthesis and up to the present. In the first part, I focussed on the mid-late nineteenth century to the early twentieth, with special emphasis on early Darwinism and its critics, the self-styled "mutationists." The second part focuses on the evolutionary synthesis and some of its critics, especially the "neutralists" and "neo-mutationists." Like Stephen Gould, I consider the creativity of natural selection to be a key component of what has traditionally counted as "Darwinism." I argue that the creativity of natural selection is best understood in terms of (1) selection initiating evolutionary change, and (2) selection directing evolutionary change, for example by creating the variation that it subsequently acts upon. I consider the respects in which both of these claims sound non-Darwinian, even though they have long been understood by supporters and critics alike to be virtually constitutive of Darwinism.

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自然选择的创造力？第二部分：综合和自

这是一篇由两部分组成的关于自然选择创造力辩论历史的文章的第二部分，从达尔文到进化综合到现在。在第一部分中，我关注了 19 世纪中后期至 20 世纪初，特别强调了早期的达尔文主义及其批评者，即自封的“突变论者”。第二部分重点介绍进化综合及其一些批评者，尤其是“中立主义者”和“新突变主义者”。像斯蒂芬古尔德一样，我认为自然选择的创造力是传统上被视为“达尔文主义”的关键组成部分。我认为自然选择的创造力最好从以下方面来理解：（1）选择引发进化变化，（2）选择引导进化变化，例如，通过创建它随后作用的变体。我认为这两种说法在某些方面听起来都不是达尔文主义，尽管长期以来支持者和批评者都认为它们实际上是达尔文主义的组成部分。