One of the key factors to improve swine production sustainability is the use of agro-industrial by-products in feeds, such as olive by-products. However, it is necessary to assess its effects on the overall production process, including the animal and the environment. With this aim, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of including a partially defatted olive cake (PDOC) in pig diets on growth performance, faecal microbiota, carcass quality and gas emission from the slurry. Two finishing diets were formulated, a control (C) diet and a diet with PDOC included at 120 g/kg. Eighty finishing male pigs Duroc-Danbred × (Landrace × Large White) of 60.4 ± 7.00 kg BW were divided between these two treatments. During the finishing period (60 to 110 kg BW, 55 days) average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded. Faecal samples from the rectum of 16 animals per treatment were incubated for bacteria enumeration. At the end of finishing period, backfat thickness and loin depth (LD) were measured. Animals were slaughtered to obtain carcass weight and carcass composition parameters, and subcutaneous fat was sampled to analyse the fatty acid (FA) profile. In addition greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions were measured during pig slurry storage using the methodology of dynamic flux chambers. An initial slurry characterisation and biochemical methane potential (B0) were also determined. No significant differences between treatments were found in performance, carcass quality and microbial counts with the exception of LD, which was lower in PDOC compared with C animals (45.5 v. 47.5 mm, SEM: 0.62; P = 0.020). The FA profile of the subcutaneous fat did not differ between treatments, but the monounsaturated FA (MUFA) concentration was higher and the polyunsaturated FA was lower in the animals fed PDOC (50.9 v. 48.3, SEM: 0.48, P < 0.001; 17.6 v. 19.3, SEM: 0.30, P < 0.001 in mg/100 g of Total FA, for PDOC and C animals, respectively). The initial pig slurry characterisation only showed differences in ADF concentration that was higher (P < 0.05) in the slurry from PDOC treatment. Regarding gas emission, slurries from both treatments emitted similar amounts of ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as B0 values. The results obtained suggest that PDOC may be included in balanced pig diets at rates of up to 120 g/kg without negative effects on performance, carcass quality, gut microflora and slurry gas emission, while improving the MUFA concentration of subcutaneous fat.

中文翻译：

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猪日粮中部分脱脂的橄榄饼：对生产性能，粪便微生物群，cas体质量，浆液成分和气体排放的影响。

改善猪生产可持续性的关键因素之一是在饲料中使用农业工业副产品，例如橄榄副产品。但是，有必要评估其对整个生产过程（包括动物和环境）的影响。为此，进行了一项实验，以确定在猪日粮中添加部分脱脂的橄榄饼（PDOC）对生长性能，粪便微生物群，car体质量和浆液中气体排放的影响。配制了两种最终饮食，一种是对照饮食，另一种是PDOC含量为120 g / kg。在这两种处理之间分配了80头育肥的Duroc-Danbred×（Landrace×大白猪），体重为60.4±7.00 kg BW。在肥育阶段（60至110公斤体重，55天），平均每日增重，记录平均每日采食量和饲料转化率。每次处理将来自16只动物的直肠的粪便样品进行细菌计数。在肥育期结束时，测量背脂厚度和腰肉深度（LD）。屠宰动物以获得car体重量和car体组成参数，并取样皮下脂肪以分析脂肪酸（FA）谱。另外，使用动态通量室的方法测量了猪粪中的温室气体和氨气的排放。还确定了初始浆料表征和生化甲烷势能（B0）。在处理，屠体质量和微生物数量方面，除LD外，各处理之间无显着差异，与DOC动物相比，PDOC中的PDOC更低（45.5 v。47.5 mm，SEM：0.62；P = 0.020）。皮下脂肪的FA曲线在两种处理之间没有差异，但是在饲喂PDOC的动物中单不饱和FA（MUFA）浓度较高，多不饱和FA较低（50.9 v。48.3，SEM：0.48，P <0.001; 17.6 v 19.3，SEM：0.30，对于PDOC和C动物，分别以mg / 100g总FA计，P ＜0.001。最初的猪粪便特性仅显示了来自PDOC处理的粪便中ADF浓度的差异较高（P <0.05）。关于气体排放，两种处理的浆液排放相似量的氨（NH3），二氧化碳（CO2），甲烷（CH4）和一氧化二氮（N2O）以及B0值。获得的结果表明，PDOC可以以不超过120 g / kg的比例包含在均衡的猪日粮中，而对生产性能，car体质量，