Salmonella enterica represents an enterobacterial species including numerous serovars that cause infections at, or initiated at, the intestinal epithelium. Many serovars also act as facultative intracellular pathogens with a tropism for phagocytic cells. These bacteria not only survive in phagocytes but also undergo de facto replication therein. Phagocytes, through the activities of phagocyte NADPH-dependent oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase, are very proficient in converting molecular oxygen to reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). These compounds represent highly efficient effectors of the innate immune defense. Salmonella is by no means resistant to these effectors, which may stand in contrast to the host niches chosen. To cope with this paradox, these bacteria rely on an array of detoxification and repair systems. Combination these systems allows for a high enough tolerance to ROS and RNS to enable establishment of infection. In addition, salmonella possesses protein factors that have the potential to dampen the infection-associated inflammation, which evidently results in a reduced exposure to ROS and RNS. This review attempts to summarize the activities and strategies by which salmonella tries to cope with ROS and RNS and how the bacterium can make use of these innate defense factors.

中文翻译：

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沙门氏菌和活性氧：一种爱恨交加的关系。

肠炎沙门氏菌代表一种肠细菌物种，包括许多引起肠道上皮感染或在肠道上皮开始感染的血清型。许多血清型还充当兼性细胞内病原体，对吞噬细胞具有嗜性。这些细菌不仅在吞噬细胞中存活，而且在其中实际上复制。吞噬细胞通过吞噬细胞NADPH依赖性氧化酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶的活性，非常擅长将分子氧转化为活性氧（ROS）和氮素（RNS）。这些化合物代表先天免疫防御的高效效应子。沙门氏菌绝不抵抗这些效应子，这可能与所选择的宿主壁the相反。为了应对这种悖论，这些细菌依靠一系列排毒和修复系统。这些系统的组合允许对ROS和RNS具有足够高的耐受性，从而能够建立感染。此外，沙门氏菌具有蛋白质因子，具有抑制感染相关炎症的潜能，这显然减少了对ROS和RNS的暴露。这篇综述试图总结沙门氏菌试图应对ROS和RNS的活动和策略，以及细菌如何利用这些先天防御因子。