The imbalance of sex chromosomes between females (XX) and males (XY) necessitates strict regulation of X-linked gene expression. X-Chromosome Inactivation (XCI) selects one X for transcriptional silencing in the early embryo, generating an epigenetically distinct and transcriptionally silent X that is maintained into adulthood. Some genes on the inactive X escape XCI, and human somatic cells have a greater number of escape genes compared to mice. Advances with single-cell technologies have revealed human-specific escape genes in fibroblasts and immune cells, some of which exhibit cell and tissue specificity. Here, we review recent discoveries of dynamic XCI in female immune cells, which have changed our understanding of XCI maintenance, and discuss how some X-linked genes might become overexpressed in female-biased autoimmunity.

中文翻译：

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享受沉默：体细胞中的X染色体失活多样性。

女性（XX）和男性（XY）之间的性染色体失衡需要对X连锁基因表达进行严格调控。X染色体灭活（XCI）为早期胚胎中的转录沉默选择了一个X，产生了表观遗传上独特且转录沉默的X，该X维持到成年期。与小鼠相比，无活性X上的某些基因逃逸了XCI，而人类体细胞具有更多的逃避基因。单细胞技术的进步已经揭示了成纤维细胞和免疫细胞中的人类特异性逃逸基因，其中一些具有细胞和组织特异性。在这里，我们回顾了女性免疫细胞中动态XCI的最新发现，这些发现改变了我们对XCI维持的了解，并讨论了一些X连锁基因在女性偏向自身免疫中如何过表达。