Annual rhythms in humans have been described for a limited number of behavioral and physiological parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate time-of-year variations in late arrivals, sick leaves, dismissals from class (attendance), and grades (performance). Data were collected in Dutch high school students across 4 academic years (indicators of attendance in about 1700 students; grades in about 200 students). Absenteeism showed a seasonal variation, with a peak in winter, which was more strongly associated with photoperiod (number of hours of daylight) compared with other factors assessed (e.g., weather conditions). Grades also varied with time of year, albeit differently across the 4 years. The observed time-of-year variation in the number of sick leaves was in accordance with the literature on the seasonality of infectious diseases (e.g., influenza usually breaks out in winter). The winter peak in late arrivals was unexpected and requires more research. Our findings could be relevant for a seasonal adaptation of school schedules and working environments (e.g., later school and work hours in winter, especially at higher latitudes where seasonal differences in photoperiod are more pronounced).

中文翻译：

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冬季拖延感增加：人类年度节律的证据。

已经针对有限数量的行为和生理参数描述了人类的年度节律。这项研究的目的是调查迟到，病假，上课（出勤）和成绩（表现）的年度变化。在4个学年中收集了荷兰高中学生的数据（大约1700名学生的出勤率；大约200名学生的成绩）。旷工表现出季节性变化，冬季达到峰值，与其他评估因素（例如天气条件）相比，与光周期（日照小时数）的相关性更强。等级也随一年中的时间而变化，尽管在四年中有所不同。观察到的病假叶片数量的年际变化与传染病季节变化的文献一致（例如 例如，流感通常在冬季爆发）。晚到的冬季高峰是出乎意料的，需要更多的研究。我们的发现可能与学校时间表和工作环境的季节适应性有关（例如，冬季以后的上学和工作时间，特别是在纬度较高的地区，其中光周期的季节性差异更加明显）。