Airway and other head and neck disorders affect hundreds of thousands of patients each year and most require surgical intervention. Among these, congenital deformity that affects newborns is particularly serious and can be life-threatening. In these cases, reconstructive surgery is resolutive but bears significant limitations, including the donor site morbidity and limited available tissue. In this context, tissue engineering represents a promising alternative approach for the surgical treatment of otolaryngologic disorders. In particular, 3D printing coupled with advanced imaging technologies offers the unique opportunity to reproduce the complex anatomy of native ear, nose, and throat, with its import in terms of functionality as well as aesthetics and the associated patient well-being. In this review, we provide a general overview of the main ear, nose and throat disorders and focus on the most recent scientific literature on 3D printing and bioprinting for their treatment.

中文翻译：

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用于耳鼻喉科组织工程的 3D 打印。

气道和其他头颈部疾病每年影响数十万患者，大多数患者需要手术干预。其中，影响新生儿的先天性畸形尤为严重，可能危及生命。在这些情况下，重建手术是决定性的，但有很大的局限性，包括供体部位的发病率和有限的可用组织。在这种情况下，组织工程代表了一种有前景的耳鼻喉疾病外科治疗替代方法。特别是，3D 打印与先进的成像技术相结合，提供了独特的机会来重现原生耳、鼻和喉咙的复杂解剖结构，并在功能、美学和相关的患者健康方面具有重要意义。在这次审查中，