Hunting presents a paradox for biodiversity conservation. It is both a problem and a solution to species declines and poverty. Yet, conservation scientists hold different assumptions about the significance and sustainability of hunting based on the cultures and identities of hunters. In Latin America, conservationists largely sort hunters as either indigenous or campesino. Indigenous hunters are often characterized as culturally-driven and sustainable wildlife stewards. Campesino hunters, by contrast, are described as peasants - cultureless, uneducated, and unsustainable. Given such ethnically-fueled hunting discourse, there are no syntheses on the current state of knowledge about campesino hunting, nothing to guide conservation research and practice with and for the largest group of hunters in Latin America. We reviewed 334 English (55%) and Spanish (45%) articles - mostly published in 145 peer-reviewed journals - on the meanings, motivations, and sustainability of campesino hunting in Latin America between 1937 to 2018. While studies spanned 17 countries, 7 ecosystems, and >75 indigenous and nonindigenous demographics in 30 research contexts, they predominantly focused on nonindigenous campesinos for species-specific conservation and protected area management in tropical broadleaf forests of Mexico, Peru, and Colombia. Authors collected campesino hunting data through 12 methods, primarily interviews, surveys, and questionnaires, drawing from 10 local and traditional knowledge (LTK) themes about wildlife trends and uses. Eighteen drivers, 14 constraints, and 10 conflicts - mainly subsistence, income, ethics, regulations, and crop/livestock protection - shaped whether campesino hunters pursued 799 species across most studies (92%). Yet, only 25 studies (8%) empirically assessed sustainability. Our results show the need for increased interdisciplinary and geographic engagement with campesino hunting across Latin America. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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拉丁美洲的 Campesino 狩猎和保护

狩猎为生物多样性保护提出了一个悖论。它既是解决物种减少和贫困的问题，也是解决方案。然而，保护科学家根据猎人的文化和身份对狩猎的重要性和可持续性持有不同的假设。在拉丁美洲，环保主义者主要将猎人分类为土著或农民。土著猎人通常被描述为文化驱动和可持续的野生动物管理员。相比之下，Campesino 猎人被描述为农民——没有文化、没有受过教育、不可持续。鉴于这种以种族为动力的狩猎话语，目前没有关于野餐狩猎知识的综合信息，也没有任何内容可以指导拉丁美洲最大的猎人群体的保护研究和实践。我们审查了 334 篇英语 (55%) 和西班牙语 (45%) 文章——主要发表在 145 种同行评审期刊上——关于 1937 年至 2018 年拉丁美洲野餐狩猎的意义、动机和可持续性。 虽然研究跨越了 17 个国家， 7 个生态系统，以及 30 个研究背景中的 75 个以上的土著和非土著人口统计数据，他们主要关注用于墨西哥、秘鲁和哥伦比亚热带阔叶林物种特定保护和保护区管理的非土著农民。作者通过 12 种方法收集了野人狩猎数据，主要是访谈、调查和问卷调查，从 10 个关于野生动物趋势和用途的当地和传统知识 (LTK) 主题中提取。18 个驱动因素、14 个制约因素和 10 个冲突——主要是生存、收入、道德、法规、和作物/牲畜保护——在大多数研究中决定了农民猎人是否追捕 799 个物种（92%）。然而，只有 25 项研究 (8%) 对可持续性进行了实证评估。我们的研究结果表明，需要增加跨学科和地理范围的跨拉丁美洲狩猎活动。本文受版权保护。版权所有。