Biological effects of titanium (Ti) alloys were analyzed on biofilms of Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis, as well as on osteoblast-like cells (MG63) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). Standard samples composed of aluminum and vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V), and sample containing niobium (Ti-35Nb) and zirconium (Ti-13Nb-13Zr) were analyzed. Monomicrobial biofilms were formed on the Ti alloys. MG63 cells were grown with the alloys and the biocompatibility (MTT), total protein (TP) level, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and mineralization nodules (MN) formation were verified. Levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-17), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and oxide nitric (NO) were checked, from RAW 264.7 cells supernatants. Data were statically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test, or T-test (P ≤ 0.05). Concerning the biofilm formation, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy showed the best inhibitory effect on E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. And, it also acted similarly to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy on C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. Both alloys were biocompatible and similar to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Additionally, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was more effective for cell differentiation, as observed in the assays of ALP and MN. Regarding the stimulation for release of IL-1β and TNF-α, Ti-35Nb and Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys inhibited similarly the synthesis of these molecules. However, both alloys stimulated the production of IL-17. Additionally, all Ti alloys showed the same effect for NO generation. Thus, Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was the most effective for inhibition of biofilm formation, cell differentiation, and stimulation for release of immune mediators.

中文翻译：

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钛合金：关于生物膜形成，生物相容性，诱导骨形成的细胞分化和免疫反应的体外生物学分析。

分析了钛（Ti）合金在白色念珠菌，粪肠球菌，铜绿假单胞菌，金黄色葡萄球菌，变形链球菌和血链球菌的生物膜上的生物膜，以及在成骨细胞样细胞（MG63）和鼠巨噬细胞上的生物膜（RAW 264.7） 。分析了由铝和钒（Ti-6Al-4V）组成的标准样品以及含铌（Ti-35Nb）和锆（Ti-13Nb-13Zr）的样品。钛合金上形成了单微生物生物膜。MG63细胞与合金一起生长，并验证了生物相容性（MTT），总蛋白（TP）水平，碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性和矿化结节（MN）的形成。从RAW 264.7细胞上清液中检查白介素（IL-1β和IL-17），肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和一氧化氮（NO）的水平。通过单向方差分析（ANOVA）和Tukey检验或T检验（P≤0.05）对数据进行静态分析。关于生物膜的形成，Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金对粪肠球菌，铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌显示出最佳的抑制作用。并且，它在白色念珠菌和链球菌属上的作用类似于Ti-6Al-4V合金。两种合金都具有生物相容性，并且与Ti-6Al-4V合金相似。此外，如在ALP和MN分析中所观察到的，Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金对于细胞分化更有效。关于IL-1β和TNF-α释放的刺激，Ti-35Nb和Ti-13Nb-13Zr合金同样抑制了这些分子的合成。但是，两种合金均刺激了IL-17的产生。另外，所有的钛合金都表现出相同的NO生成效果。从而，