A comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with reading difficulties (RD) is common in children. However, children with ADHD+RD have a different reading and executive functions (EF) profile than children with RD alone. We compared the effect of an EF-based intervention on neural circuits related to EF in children with RD and those with ADHD+RD. Functional connectivity MRI data from a lexical decision task suggest that the RD-alone group showed greater improvement in EF and reading tests and greater functional connectivity between networks related to both higher-and lower-level visual processing and those related to ventral attention and dorsal attention, as well as semantic processing. Children with ADHD+RD showed greater connectivity between networks related to attention and dorsal attention and those related to visual processing and EF. Results are consistent with the Cognitive Subtype hypothesis and suggest that RD and ADHD+RD, although related behaviourally, are distinct disorders with regard to network response and connectivity during reading and after an EF-based intervention.

中文翻译：

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阅读训练对伴有和不伴有多动症共病阅读困难儿童功能连接的差异影响

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 与阅读困难 (RD) 的合并症在儿童中很常见。然而，与单独患有 RD 的儿童相比，患有 ADHD+RD 的儿童具有不同的阅读和执行功能 (EF) 特征。我们比较了基于 EF 的干预对 RD 和 ADHD+RD 儿童与 EF 相关的神经回路的影响。来自词汇决策任务的功能连接 MRI 数据表明，单独使用 RD 组在 EF 和阅读测试方面表现出更大的改善，并且与高级和低级视觉处理相关的网络以及与腹侧注意和背侧注意相关的网络之间的功能连接性更强，以及语义处理。患有 ADHD+RD 的儿童在与注意力和背侧注意力相关的网络与与视觉处理和 EF 相关的网络之间表现出更大的连通性。结果与认知亚型假设一致，并表明 RD 和 ADHD+RD 尽管在行为上相关，但在阅读期间和基于 EF 的干预之后，在网络反应和连通性方面是不同的障碍。