INTRODUCTION Dietary exposure monitoring within populations is reliant on self-reported measures such as Food Frequency Questionnaires and diet diaries. These methods often contain inaccurate information due to participant misreporting, non-compliance and bias. Urinary metabolites derived from individual foods could provide additional objective indicators of dietary exposure. For biomarker approaches to have utility it is essential that they cover a wide-range of commonly consumed foods and the methodology works in a real-world environment. OBJECTIVES To test that the methodology works in a real-world environment and to consider the impact of the major sources of likely variance; particularly complex meals, different food formulations, processing and cooking methods, as well as the dynamics of biomarker duration in the body. METHODS We designed and tested a dietary exposure biomarker discovery and validation strategy based on a food intervention study involving free-living individuals preparing meals and collecting urine samples at home. Two experimental periods were built around three consecutive day menu plans where all foods and drinks were provided (n = 15 and n = 36). RESULTS The experimental design was validated by confirming known consumption biomarkers in urinary samples after the first menu plan. We tested biomarker performance with different food formulations and processing methods involving meat, wholegrain, fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that spot urine samples, together with robust dietary biomarkers, despite major sources of variance, could be used successfully for dietary exposure monitoring in large epidemiological studies.

中文翻译：

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在设计干预研究以发现和验证习惯性饮食摄入的生物标记物时解决陷阱。

引言人群中饮食接触的监测依赖于自我报告的措施，例如食物频率问卷和饮食日记。由于参与者的错误举报，违规和偏见，这些方法通常包含不准确的信息。源自单个食物的尿代谢产物可以提供饮食摄入的其他客观指标。为了使生物标志物方法具有实用性，至关重要的是它们必须涵盖广泛的常用食品，并且该方法应在现实环境中起作用。目的测试该方法在现实环境中的有效性，并考虑可能的方差的主要来源的影响；特别是复杂的膳食，不同的食物配方，加工和烹饪方法，以及体内生物标志物持续时间的变化。方法我们基于一项食品干预研究设计并测试了饮食中暴露生物标志物的发现和验证策略，该研究涉及自由生活的人准备餐点并在家收集尿液样本。围绕三个连续日菜单计划建立了两个实验阶段，其中提供了所有食物和饮料（n = 15和n = 36）。结果通过确定第一个菜单计划后尿液样品中已知的食用生物标志物，验证了实验设计的有效性。我们使用包括肉，全麦，水果和蔬菜在内的不同食品配方和加工方法测试了生物标志物的性能。结论已证明，尽管存在主要差异来源，但尿液现场样本以及健壮的饮食生物标志物仍可成功用于大型流行病学研究中的饮食暴露监测。