Due to the trend of prolonged lifespan leading to higher incidence of age-related diseases, the demand for reliable biomarkers of dementia rises. In this review, we present novel biomarkers of high potential, especially those found in blood, urine or saliva, which could lead to a more comfortable patient experience and better time- and cost-effectivity, compared to the currently used diagnostic methods. We focus on biomarkers that might allow for the detection of Alzheimer's disease before its clinical manifestations. Such biomarkers might be helpful for better understanding the etiology of the disease and identifying its risk factors. Moreover, it could be a base for developing new treatment or at least help to prolong the presymptomatic stage in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. As potential candidates, we present, for instance, neurofilament light in both cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma or amyloid β in plasma. Above all, we provide an overview of different approaches to the diagnostics, analyzing patient's biofluids as a whole using molecular spectroscopy. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy and especially chiroptical methods provide information not only on the chemical composition, but also on molecular structure. Therefore, these techniques are promising for the diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease, as the accumulation of amyloid β in abnormal conformation is one of the hallmarks of this disease.

中文翻译：

---

搜索阿尔茨海默氏病的生物标记物：最新见解，当前挑战和未来前景。

由于寿命延长的趋势导致与年龄有关的疾病的发生率增加，因此对痴呆症的可靠生物标志物的需求增加。在这篇综述中，我们提出了具有高潜力的新型生物标志物，尤其是那些在血液，尿液或唾液中发现的生物标志物，与目前使用的诊断方法相比，可以带来更舒适的患者体验以及更好的时间和成本效益。我们关注于可能在阿尔茨海默氏病临床表现之前进行检测的生物标志物。此类生物标志物可能有助于更好地了解疾病的病因并确定其危险因素。此外，它可能是开发新疗法的基础，或至少有助于延长患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的症状前阶段。作为潜在的候选人，我们提出，例如，脑脊液和血浆中的神经丝轻或血浆中的淀粉样蛋白β。最重要的是，我们提供了各种诊断方法的概述，并使用分子光谱技术对患者的生物流体进行了整体分析。红外和拉曼光谱，尤其是按摩疗法不仅提供有关化学成分的信息，而且还提供有关分子结构的信息。因此，这些技术有望用于诊断阿尔茨海默氏病，因为异常构象中的淀粉样β积累是该疾病的标志之一。红外和拉曼光谱，尤其是按摩方法不仅提供有关化学成分的信息，而且还提供有关分子结构的信息。因此，这些技术有望用于诊断阿尔茨海默氏病，因为异常构象中的淀粉样β积累是该疾病的标志之一。红外和拉曼光谱，尤其是按摩方法不仅提供有关化学成分的信息，而且还提供有关分子结构的信息。因此，这些技术有望用于诊断阿尔茨海默氏病，因为异常构象中的淀粉样β积累是该疾病的标志之一。