The adult human brain consists of approximately a hundred billion neurons, which are connected via synapses. The pattern and strength of the synaptic connections are constantly changing (synaptic plasticity), and these changes are considered to underlie learning, memory, and personality. Many psychiatric disorders have been related to disturbances in synaptogenesis and subsequent plasticity. In this review, we summarize findings of synaptic disturbance and its involvement in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. We will focus on schizophrenia, because this condition has a high proven heritability, which offers more unambiguous insights into the biological origins of not only schizophrenia but also related psychiatric disorders. To demonstrate the involvement of synaptopathy in psychiatric disorders, we discuss what knowledge is missing at the circuits level, and what new technologies are needed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of synaptopathy in psychiatric disorders.

中文翻译：

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精神分裂症中的突触功能及其破坏：从临床证据到动物模型中的突触光遗传学。

成年人脑由大约一千亿个神经元组成，它们通过突触连接。突触连接的模式和强度不断变化（突触可塑性），这些变化被认为是学习，记忆和个性的基础。许多精神疾病与突触发生和随后的可塑性紊乱有关。在这篇综述中，我们总结了突触障碍及其在精神疾病的发病机理和/或病理生理中的作用。我们将专注于精神分裂症，因为这种情况具有较高的遗传力，可为精神分裂症以及相关的精神疾病提供更明确的见解。为了证明突触症与精神疾病有关，