The innate immune system is a broad collection of critical intra- and extra-cellular processes that limit the infectivity of diverse pathogens. The 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family of enzymes are important sensors of cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that play a critical role in limiting viral infection by activating the latent ribonuclease (RNase L) to halt viral replication and establish an antiviral state. Attesting to the importance of the OAS/RNase L pathway, diverse viruses have developed numerous distinct strategies to evade the effects of OAS activation. How OAS proteins are regulated by viral or cellular RNAs is not fully understood but several recent studies have provided important new insights into the molecular mechanisms of OAS activation by dsRNA. Other studies have revealed unanticipated features of RNA sequence and structure that strongly enhance activation of at least one OAS family member. While these discoveries represent important advances, they also underscore the fact that much remains to be learned about RNA-mediated regulation of the OAS/RNase L pathway. In particular, defining the full complement of RNA molecular signatures that activate OAS is essential to our understanding of how these proteins maximize their protective role against pathogens while still accurately discriminating host molecules to avoid inadvertent activation by cellular RNAs. A more complete knowledge of OAS regulation may also serve as a foundation for the development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies and lead the way to a deeper understanding of currently unappreciated cellular functions of the OAS/RNase L pathway in the absence of infection. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications Translation > Translation Regulation.

中文翻译：

---

抗病毒蛋白2'-5'-寡腺苷酸合成酶的RNA调节。

先天免疫系统是关键细胞内和细胞外过程的广泛集合，这些过程限制了多种病原体的感染性。2'-5'-寡腺苷酸合成酶（OAS）家族的酶是胞质双链RNA（dsRNA）的重要传感器，它们通过激活潜伏核糖核酸酶（RNase L）阻止病毒复制和抑制病毒感染而在限制病毒感染中发挥关键作用。建立抗病毒状态。为了证明OAS / RNase L途径的重要性，各种病毒已经开发出许多独特的策略来逃避OAS激活的影响。尚不完全了解OAS蛋白如何被病毒或细胞RNA调控，但最近的一些研究为dsRNA激活OAS的分子机制提供了重要的新见解。其他研究表明，RNA序列和结构的意料之外的特征可以显着增强至少一个OAS家族成员的激活。尽管这些发现代表着重要的进展，但它们也强调了一个事实，即有关RNA介导的OAS / RNase L途径调控的知识尚有很多。特别是，定义激活OAS的RNA分子标记的完整互补对我们理解这些蛋白质如何最大限度地发挥其对病原体的保护作用，同时仍能准确区分宿主分子以避免细胞RNA意外激活的理解至关重要。对OAS调控的更全面的了解也可以作为开发新型抗病毒治疗策略的基础，并为在没有感染的情况下更深入地了解OAS / RNase L途径目前尚未了解的细胞功能提供方法。本文归类于：疾病与发展中的RNA>疾病中的RNA与蛋白质和其他分子的RNA相互作用>蛋白质-RNA相互作用：功能含义翻译>翻译调控。