The transition to grandparenthood, that is the birth of the first grandchild, is often assumed to increase the subjective well-being of older adults; however, prior studies are scarce and have provided mixed results. Investigation of the associations between grandparenthood and subjective well-being, measured by self-rated life satisfaction, quality of life scores, and depressive symptoms, used the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe from 13 countries, including follow-up waves between 2006 and 2015 (n = 64,940 person-observations from 38,456 unique persons of whom 18,207 had two or more measurement times). Both between-person and within-person (or fixed-effect) regression models were executed, where between-person associations represent results across individuals, that is, between grandparents and non-grandparents; within-person associations represent an individual’s variation over time, that is, they consider whether the transition to grandparenthood increases or decreases subjective well-being. According to the between-person models, both grandmothers and grandfathers reported higher rate of life satisfaction and quality of life than non-grandparents. Moreover, grandmothers reported fewer depressive symptoms than women without grandchildren. The within-person models indicated that entry into grandmotherhood was associated with both improved quality of life scores and improved life satisfaction. These findings are discussed with reference to inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and the grandmother hypothesis.

中文翻译：

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欧洲老年人向祖父母身份的转变和主观幸福感：使用纵向数据进行的个人调查。

向祖父母的过渡，即第一个孙子的出生，通常被认为会增加老年人的主观幸福感；然而，先前的研究很少，并且提供的结果好坏参半。使用来自 13 个国家的欧洲健康、老龄化和退休纵向调查，通过自评生活满意度、生活质量评分和抑郁症状来调查祖父母身份与主观幸福感之间的关联，包括后续波次2006 年至 2015 年间（n = 来自 38,456 名独特人士的 64,940 次个人观察，其中 18,207 人有两次或两次以上测量时间）。执行人与人之间和人内部（或固定效应）回归模型，其中人与人之间的关联代表个体之间的结果，即祖父母和非祖父母之间的结果；人内关联代表了个人随时间的变化，也就是说，他们考虑向祖父母的过渡是否会增加或减少主观幸福感。根据人际模型，祖母和祖父的生活满意度和生活质量都高于非祖父母。此外，祖母报告的抑郁症状比没有孙辈的女性要少。内部模型表明，成为祖母与生活质量得分的提高和生活满意度的提高有关。这些发现是参考包容性适应性理论、父母投资理论和祖母假说进行讨论的。