Introduction: The development of more efficacious vaccines, especially subunit vaccines administered via non-invasive routes, is a priority in vaccinology. Nanogels are materials that can meet the requirements to serve as efficient vaccine delivery vehicles (in terms of thermo-sensitivity, biocompatibility, and pH-responsiveness; among others); thus there is a growing interest in exploring the potential of nanogels for vaccine development. Areas covered: Herein, a critical analysis of nanogel synthesis methodologies is presented and nanogel-based vaccines under development are summarized and placed in perspective. Promising vaccine candidates based on nanogels have been reported for cancer, obesity, and infectious diseases (mainly respiratory diseases). Some of the candidates were administered by mucosal routes which are highly attractive in terms of simple administration and induction of protective responses at both mucosal and systemic levels. Expert opinion: The most advanced models of nanogel-based vaccines comprise candidates against cancer, based on cholesteryl pullulan nanogels evaluated in clinical trials with promising findings; as well as some vaccines against respiratory pathogens tested in mice thus far. Nonetheless, the challenge for this field is advancing in clinical trials and proving the protective potential in test animals for many other candidates. Implementing green synthesis approaches for nanogels is also required.

中文翻译：

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基于纳米凝胶的疫苗的概述。

简介：开发更有效的疫苗，尤其是通过非侵入性途径给药的亚单位疫苗，是疫苗学的优先领域。纳米凝胶是可以满足用作高效疫苗输送载体的要求的材料（在热敏感性，生物相容性和pH响应性等方面）；因此，人们越来越关注探索纳米凝胶在疫苗开发中的潜力。涵盖的领域：本文介绍了纳米凝胶合成方法的关键分析，并对正在开发的基于纳米凝胶的疫苗进行了总结和展望。据报道，基于纳米凝胶的有希望的疫苗候选物可用于治疗癌症，肥胖症和传染病（主要是呼吸道疾病）。一些候选物通过粘膜途径施用，这在简单施用和诱导粘膜和全身水平的保护性反应方面都非常有吸引力。专家意见：基于在临床试验中评估的胆固醇基支链淀粉纳米凝胶，基于纳米凝胶的疫苗的最先进模型包括抗癌候选药物；以及迄今为止在小鼠中测试的一些针对呼吸道病原体的疫苗。尽管如此，该领域的挑战仍在临床试验中不断发展，并证明了测试动物对许多其他候选人的保护潜力。还需要为纳米凝胶实施绿色合成方法。基于纳米凝胶的疫苗的最先进模型包括抗癌候选物，其基于在临床试验中评估的胆固醇基支链淀粉纳米凝胶，具有可喜的发现。以及迄今为止在小鼠中测试的一些针对呼吸道病原体的疫苗。尽管如此，该领域的挑战仍在临床试验中不断发展，并证明了测试动物对许多其他候选人的保护潜力。还需要为纳米凝胶实施绿色合成方法。基于纳米凝胶的疫苗的最先进模型包括抗癌候选物，其基于在临床试验中评估的胆固醇基支链淀粉纳米凝胶，具有可喜的发现。以及迄今为止在小鼠中测试的一些针对呼吸道病原体的疫苗。尽管如此，该领域的挑战仍在临床试验中不断发展，并证明了测试动物对其他许多候选动物的保护潜力。还需要为纳米凝胶实施绿色合成方法。