Perceptual-cognitive skills enable an individual to integrate environmental information with existing knowledge to be able to process stimuli and execute appropriate responses on complex tasks. Various underlying processes could explain how perceptual-cognitive skills impact on expert performance, as articulated in three theoretical accounts: (a) the long-term working memory theory, which argues that experts are able to encode and retrieve visual information from long-term working memory more than less experienced counterparts; (b) the information-reduction hypothesis, which suggests that experts can optimize the amount of information processed by selectively allocating their attentional resources to task relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli; and (c) the holistic model of image perception, which proposes that experts are able to extract visual information from distal and para-foveal regions, allowing more efficient global-local processing of the scene. In this systematic review, we examine the validity of the aforementioned theories based on gaze features associated with the proposed processes. The information-reduction hypothesis was supported in most studies, except in medicine where the holistic model of image perception garners stronger support. These results indicate that selectively allocating attention toward important task-related information is the most important skill developed in experts across domains, whereas expertise in medicine is reflected more in an extended visual span. Large discrepancies in the outcomes of the papers reviewed suggest that there is not one theory that fits all domains of expertise. The review provides some essential building blocks, however, to help synthesize theoretical concepts across expertise domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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注视行为，专业知识和表现之间的关系：系统评价。

感知认知技能使个人能够将环境信息与现有知识整合在一起，从而能够处理刺激并在复杂任务上执行适当的响应。如以下三个理论说明所述，各种潜在的过程可以解释感知认知技能如何影响专家的绩效：（a）长期工作记忆理论，认为专家能够对长期工作进行编码和检索视觉信息记忆力比经验不足的同行更多；（b）信息减少假设，即专家可以通过选择性地将注意力资源分配给任务相关刺激并忽略无关刺激来优化处理的信息量；（c）图像感知的整体模型，它建议专家能够从远端和中央凹部位提取视觉信息，从而可以更高效地对场景进行全局局部处理。在此系统的审查中，我们基于与提出的过程相关的凝视特征来检验上述理论的有效性。信息减少假说在大多数研究中均得到支持，但医学领域的图像感知整体模型获得了更强有力的支持。这些结果表明，选择性地将注意力分配给与任务相关的重要信息是跨领域专家开发的最重要技能，而医学专业知识则更多地反映在扩展的视觉范围内。所审查论文的结果存在较大差异，表明没有一种理论可以适合所有专业领域。审查提供了一些基本的构建基块，但是，可以帮助综合各个专业领域的理论概念。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。