Tail regeneration in Lepidosauria as an exception to the generalized lack of organ regeneration in amniotes,Journal of Experimental Zoology-B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution

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Tail regeneration in Lepidosauria as an exception to the generalized lack of organ regeneration in amniotes
Journal of Experimental Zoology-B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-18 , DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22901
Lorenzo Alibardi ₁

Affiliation

The present review hypothesizes that during the transition from water to land, amniotes lost part of the genetic program for metamorphosis utilized in larvae of their amphibian ancestors, a program that in extant fish and amphibians allows organ regeneration. The direct development of amniotes, with their growth from embryos to adults, occurred with the elimination of larval stages, increases the efficiency of immune responses and the complexity of nervous circuits. In amniotes, T‐cells and macrophages likely eliminate embryonic‐larval antigens that are replaced with the definitive antigens of adult organs. Among lepidosaurians numerous lizard families during the Permian and Triassic evolved the process of tail autotomy to escape predation, followed by tail regeneration. Autotomy limits inflammation allowing the formation of a regenerative blastema rich in the immunosuppressant and hygroscopic hyaluronic acid. Expression loss of developmental genes for metamorphosis and segmentation in addition to an effective immune system, determined an imperfect regeneration of the tail. Genes involved in somitogenesis were likely lost or are inactivated and the axial skeleton and muscles of the original tail are replaced with a nonsegmented cartilaginous tube and segmental myotomes. Lack of neural genes, negative influence of immune system, and isolation of the regenerating spinal cord within the cartilaginous tube impede the production of nerve and glial cells, and a stratified spinal cord with ganglia. Tissue and organ regeneration in other body regions of lizards and other reptiles is relatively limited, like in the other amniotes, although the cartilage shows a higher regenerative capability than in mammals.

中文翻译：

鳞龙类的尾部再生是羊膜动物普遍缺乏器官再生的一个例外

本综述假设，在从水到陆地的过渡过程中，羊膜动物失去了用于其两栖动物祖先幼虫的变态遗传程序的一部分，该程序在现存的鱼类和两栖动物中允许器官再生。羊膜动物的直接发育，从胚胎到成虫的生长，随着幼虫阶段的消除而发生，增加了免疫反应的效率和神经回路的复杂性。在羊膜动物中，T 细胞和巨噬细胞可能会消除胚胎幼虫抗原，这些抗原被成体器官的最终抗原取代。在二叠纪和三叠纪期间，在鳞龙类中，许多蜥蜴科进化出尾部自切的过程以逃避捕食，随后进行尾部再生。自体切除术限制炎症，从而形成富含免疫抑制剂和吸湿性透明质酸的再生胚泡。除了有效的免疫系统外，用于变态和分割的发育基因的表达丧失，决定了尾巴的不完全再生。参与体节发生的基因可能丢失或失活，原始尾部的轴向骨骼和肌肉被非节段性软骨管和节段性肌节取代。缺乏神经基因、免疫系统的负面影响以及软骨管内再生脊髓的分离阻碍了神经和神经胶质细胞的产生，以及具有神经节的分层脊髓。蜥蜴和其他爬行动物身体其他部位的组织和器官再生相对有限，

更新日期：2019-09-18

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