Macrophages are a diverse set of cells present in all body compartments. This diversity is imprinted by their ontogenetic origin (embryonal versus adult bone marrow-derived cells); the organ context; by their activation or deactivation by various signals in the contexts of microbial invasion, tissue damage, and metabolic derangement; and by polarization of adaptive T cell responses. Classic adaptive responses of macrophages include tolerance, priming, and a wide spectrum of activation states, including M1, M2, or M2-like. Moreover, macrophages can retain long-term imprinting of microbial encounters (trained innate immunity). Single-cell analysis of mononuclear phagocytes in health and disease has added a new dimension to our understanding of the diversity of macrophage differentiation and activation. Epigenetic landscapes, transcription factors, and microRNA networks underlie the adaptability of macrophages to different environmental cues. Macrophage plasticity, an essential component of chronic inflammation, and its involvement in diverse human diseases, most notably cancer, is discussed here as a paradigm.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞可塑性的多样性、机制和意义。

巨噬细胞是存在于所有身体隔室中的一组不同的细胞。这种多样性是由它们的个体起源（胚胎与成人骨髓来源的细胞）所决定的；器官背景；在微生物入侵、组织损伤和代谢紊乱的情况下，通过各种信号激活或失活它们；以及适应性 T 细胞反应的极化。巨噬细胞的经典适应性反应包括耐受、启动和广泛的激活状态，包括 M1、M2 或 M2 样。此外，巨噬细胞可以保留微生物遭遇的长期印记（训练有素的先天免疫）。对健康和疾病中单核吞噬细胞的单细胞分析为我们对巨噬细胞分化和激活多样性的理解增加了一个新的维度。表观遗传景观、转录因子和 microRNA 网络是巨噬细胞对不同环境线索适应性的基础。巨噬细胞可塑性是慢性炎症的重要组成部分，及其与多种人类疾病（尤其是癌症）的关系，在此作为范例进行讨论。