The main current methods for controlling American Foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees, caused by the bacterial pathogen Paenibacillus larvae, are enforced incineration or prophylactic antibiotic treatment, neither of which is fully satisfactory. This has led to an increased interest in the natural relationships between the pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms of the honeybee microbiome, in particular, the antagonistic effects of Honeybee-Specific Lactic Acid Bacteria (hbs-LAB) against P. larvae. We investigated whether supplemental administration of these bacteria affected P. larvae infection at colony level over an entire flowering season. Over the season, the supplements affected neither colony-level hbs-LAB composition nor naturally subclinical or clinical P. larvae spore levels. The composition of hbs-LAB in colonies was, however, more diverse in apiaries with a history of clinical AFB, although this was also unrelated to P. larvae spore levels. During the experiments, we also showed that qPCR could detect a wider range of hbs-LAB, with higher specificity and sensitivity than mass spectrometry. Honeybee colonies are complex super-organisms where social immune defenses, natural homeostatic mechanisms, and microbiome diversity and function play a major role in disease resistance. This means that observations made at the individual bee level cannot be simply extrapolated to infer similar effects at colony level. Although individual laboratory larval assays have clearly demonstrated the antagonistic effects of hbs-LAB on P. larvae infection, the results from the experiments presented here indicate that direct conversion of such practice to colony-level administration of live hbs-LAB is not effective.

中文翻译：

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用蜜蜂特有的乳酸菌（Hbs-LAB）喂养蜜蜂菌落不会影响菌落水平的Hbs-LAB组成或Paenibacillus幼虫的孢子水平，尽管受美国Foulbrood影响的菌落具有更多的Hbs-LAB群落。

目前，控制细菌中由病原体幼年青枯病菌（Paenibacillus larvae）引起的蜜蜂全氟（AFB）的主要方法是强制焚化或预防性抗生素治疗，但都不能令人满意。这引起了人们对蜜蜂微生物组的致病微生物和互生微生物之间的自然关系的兴趣增加，尤其是蜜蜂特异性乳酸菌（hbs-LAB）对小白僵菌的拮抗作用。我们调查了在整个开花季节，补充施用这些细菌是否在菌落水平上影响了小叶白僵菌的感染。在整个季节中，补品既不影响菌落水平的hbs-LAB组成，也不影响自然的亚临床或临床幼虫孢子水平。但是，菌落中hbs-LAB的组成是 具有临床AFB病史的养蜂场种类更多，尽管这与幼虫的孢子水平无关。在实验过程中，我们还表明qPCR可以检测到较宽范围的hbs-LAB，比质谱具有更高的特异性和灵敏度。蜜蜂殖民地是复杂的超级生物，其中的社会免疫防御，天然的体内平衡机制以及微生物组的多样性和功能在抗病性中起着重要作用。这意味着不能简单地推断在单个蜜蜂水平上所做的观察以推断出在群体水平上的类似效果。尽管个别实验室的幼虫试验清楚地证明了hbs-LAB对P.幼虫感染的拮抗作用，