Developmental disorders of language include developmental language disorder, dyslexia, and motor-speech disorders such as articulation disorder and stuttering. These disorders have generally been explained by accounts that focus on their behavioral rather than neural characteristics; their processing rather than learning impairments; and each disorder separately rather than together, despite their commonalities and comorbidities. Here we update and review a unifying neurocognitive account-the Procedural circuit Deficit Hypothesis (PDH). The PDH posits that abnormalities of brain structures underlying procedural memory (learning and memory that rely on the basal ganglia and associated circuitry) can explain numerous brain and behavioral characteristics across learning and processing, in multiple disorders, including both commonalities and differences. We describe procedural memory, examine its role in various aspects of language, and then present the PDH and relevant evidence across language-related disorders. The PDH has substantial explanatory power, and both basic research and translational implications.

中文翻译：

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语言发展障碍的神经认知。

语言的发育障碍包括发育性语言障碍，阅读障碍和运动语音障碍，例如口齿障碍和口吃。这些疾病通常通过关注行为而非神经特征的解释来解释。他们的处理而不是学习障碍；尽管有共同点和合并症，但每种疾病都是分开而不是在一起。在这里，我们更新并回顾了一个统一的神经认知帐户-程序电路赤字假说（PDH）。PDH认为，过程记忆（依赖于基底神经节和相关电路的学习和记忆）所基于的大脑结构异常可以解释多种疾病中整个学习和处理过程中的众多大脑和行为特征，包括共同点和差异。我们描述了程序记忆，检查了它在语言各个方面的作用，然后介绍了PDH和跨语言相关障碍的相关证据。PDH具有强大的解释能力，并且具有基础研究和翻译意义。