A multitude of noninvasive, quantitative, functional imaging techniques are currently in use to study tumor physiology, to probe tumor molecular processes, and to study tumor molecules and metabolites in vitro and in vivo using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (US), positron emission tomography (PET), single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and optical imaging (OI). Such techniques can be used in conjunction with structural imaging techniques to detect, diagnose, characterize, or monitor tumors before and after therapeutic intervention. These can also be used to study tumor gene expression, to track cells and therapeutic drugs, to optimize individualized treatment planning for patients with tumors, and to foster new oncologic drug development. In this article, we review the rich variety of functional imaging techniques that are available for these purposes, which are becoming increasingly important for optimal individualized patient treatment in this day and age of “personalized medicine.”

中文翻译：

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强调分子技术的癌症功能成像

目前使用多种非侵入性、定量、功能性成像技术来研究肿瘤生理学、探测肿瘤分子过程，以及使用计算机断层扫描 (CT)、磁共振成像 (MRI) 在体外和体内研究肿瘤分子和代谢物、超声（US）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）、单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）和光学成像（OI）。此类技术可与结构成像技术结合使用，以在治疗干预前后检测、诊断、表征或监测肿瘤。这些还可用于研究肿瘤基因表达、追踪细胞和治疗药物、优化肿瘤患者的个体化治疗计划，以及促进新的肿瘤药物开发。在本文中，