The toxicity of antineoplastic drugs has been well known since they were introduced in the 1940s. Because most antineoplastic drugs are nonselective in their mechanism of action, they affect noncancerous as well as cancerous cells, resulting in well‐documented side effects. During the 1970s, evidence came to light indicating health care workers may be at risk of harmful effects from antineoplastic drugs as a result of occupational exposure. Since that time, reports from several countries have documented drug contamination of the workplace, identified drugs in the urine of health care workers, and measured genotoxic responses in workers. Evidence also exists of teratogenic and adverse reproductive outcomes and increased cancers in health care workers. During the past 30 years, professional organizations and government agencies have developed guidelines to protect health care workers from adverse effects from occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs. Although many safety provisions were advanced to reduce worker exposure in the 1980s, recent studies have shown that workers continue to be exposed to these drugs despite safety policy improvements. In 2004, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published an alert reviewing the most recent information available and promoting a program of safe handling during their use.

中文翻译：

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在卫生保健机构中预防职业暴露于抗肿瘤药物

抗肿瘤药物的毒性自 1940 年代问世以来就广为人知。因为大多数抗肿瘤药物的作用机制是非选择性的，它们影响非癌和癌细胞，导致有据可查的副作用。在 1970 年代，有证据表明卫生保健工作者可能因职业暴露而面临抗肿瘤药物有害影响的风险。从那时起，来自多个国家的报告记录了工作场所的药物污染，确定了卫生保健工作者尿液中的药物，并测量了工人的基因毒性反应。也存在致畸和不良生殖结果以及卫生保健工作者癌症增加的证据。在过去的 30 年里，专业组织和政府机构制定了指导方针，以保护卫生保健工作者免受职业接触抗肿瘤药物的不利影响。尽管在 1980 年代提出了许多安全规定以减少工人接触，但最近的研究表明，尽管安全政策有所改善，但工人仍继续接触这些药物。2004 年，美国国家职业安全与健康研究所 (NIOSH) 发布了一份警报，审查了最新的可用信息，并促进了在使用过程中的安全处理计划。最近的研究表明，尽管安全政策有所改善，但工人仍继续接触这些药物。2004 年，美国国家职业安全与健康研究所 (NIOSH) 发布了一份警报，审查了最新的可用信息，并促进了在使用过程中的安全处理计划。最近的研究表明，尽管安全政策有所改善，但工人仍继续接触这些药物。2004 年，美国国家职业安全与健康研究所 (NIOSH) 发布了一份警报，审查了最新的可用信息，并促进了在使用过程中的安全处理计划。