This study uses an integrated approach to address the taxonomic status of six different and problematic oak galls and their inducing wasps sampled from two sites in the Central Zagros Mountains (Lorestan province) in western Iran. Our aim was to establish whether morphologically similar but different galls are induced by the same or distinct gall-inducers. The gall wasp specimens were identified morphologically to species level, and their genomic DNA was extracted. We used PCR and Sanger sequencing to amplify three fragments comprising cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (cytB), and a multi-gene fragment of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) including partial 5.8S, complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and partial 28S rRNA. We found that a pair of structurally similar but differently coloured galls are induced by the sexual generation of Andricus grossulariae, while another similar pair are induced by the asexual generation of A. sternlichti. In contrast, we found that two similar galls that differ in some structural details and in developmental phenology are induced by two closely related but different gall wasps; one is the sexual generation of A. cecconii, while the second is a new but closely related sexual generation Andricus sp.

这项研究采用一种综合方法来解决六个不同且有问题的橡树胆的分类状况，并从伊朗西部中扎格罗斯山脉（Lorestan省）的两个站点采样它们的诱导黄蜂。我们的目的是确定在形态上相似但不同的胆汁是由相同或不同的胆汁诱导物诱导的。从形态学上鉴定was蜂标本至物种水平，并提取其基因组DNA。我们使用PCR和Sanger测序来扩增三个片段，包括细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI），细胞色素b（cytB）和核糖体DNA（rDNA）的多基因片段，包括部分5.8S，完整的内部转录间隔区2（ITS2））和部分28S rRNA。我们发现一对结构相似但颜色不同的胆汁是由Andricus grossulariae的有性生殖诱导的，而另一对相似的胆汁是由无性产的A. sternlichti诱导的。相反，我们发现两个相似但不同的gall蜂诱发了两个在某些结构细节和发育物候方面不同的相似gall。一个是A. cecconii的有性世代，而第二个是新的但密切相关的性世代Andricus sp。